python外星人入侵小项目(一)
python外星人入侵小项目(二)
python外星人入侵小项目(三)
python外星人入侵小项目(四)
射击
添加子弹设置
首先,更新settings.py
,在其方法__init__()
末尾存储新类Bullet 所需的值:
settings.py
class Settings():
"""存储《外星人入侵》的所有设置的类"""
def __init__(self):
"""初始化游戏的设置"""
# 屏幕设置
self.screen_width = 1200
self.screen_height = 800
self.bg_color = (230, 230, 230)
# 飞船的设置
self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
# 子弹设置
self.bullet_speed_factor = 1
self.bullet_width = 3
self.bullet_height = 15
self.bullet_color = 60, 60, 60
创建 Bullet 类
bullet.py
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Bullet(Sprite):
"""一个对飞船发射的子弹进行管理的类"""
def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen, ship):
"""在飞船所处的位置创建一个子弹对象"""
super(Bullet, self).__init__()
self.screen = screen
# 在(0,0)处创建一个表示子弹的矩形,再设置正确的位置
self.rect = pygame.Rect(0, 0, ai_settings.bullet_width, ai_settings.bullet_height)
self.rect.centerx = ship.rect.centerx
self.rect.top = ship.rect.top
# 存储用小数表示的子弹位置
self.y = float(self.rect.y)
self.color = ai_settings.bullet_color
self.speed_factor = ai_settings.bullet_speed_factor
def update(self):
"""向上移动子弹"""
# 更新表示子弹位置的小数值
self.y -= self.speed_factor
# 更新表示子弹的rect的位置
self.rect.y = self.y
def draw_bullet(self):
"""在屏幕上绘制子弹"""
pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.color, self.rect)
将子弹存储到编组中
定义Bullet 类和必要的设置后,就可以编写代码了,在玩家每次按空格键时都射出一发子弹。首先,我们将在alien_invasion.py
中创建一个编组(group)
,用于存储所有有效的子 弹,以便能够管理发射出去的所有子弹。这个编组将是pygame.sprite.Group
类的一个实例;pygame.sprite.Group
类类似于列表,但提供了有助于开发游戏的额外功 能。在主循环中,我们将使用这个编组在屏幕上绘制子弹,以及更新每颗子弹的位置:
import sys
import pygame
from settings import Settings
from ship import Ship
import game_functions as gf
from pygame.sprite import Group
def run_game():
# 初始化游戏并创建一个屏幕对象
pygame.init()
ai_settings = Settings()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((ai_settings.screen_width, ai_settings.screen_height))
pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")
# 创建一艘飞船
ship = Ship(ai_settings, screen)
bullets = Group()
while True:
gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
ship.update()
bullets.update()
gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
run_game()
开火
在game_functions.py
中,我们需要修改check_keydown_events()
,以便在玩家按空格键时发射一颗子弹。我们无需修改check_keyup_events()
,因为玩家松开空格键 时什么都不会发生。我们还需修改update_screen()
,确保在调用flip() 前在屏幕上重绘每颗子弹。下面是对game_functions.py
所做的相关修改:
game_functions.py
import sys
import pygame
from bullet import Bullet
def check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""响应按键"""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
bullets.add(new_bullet)
def check_keyup_events(event, ship):
"""响应松开"""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = False
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = False
def check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""响应按键和鼠标事件"""
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
sys.exit()
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
check_keyup_events(event, ship)
def update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""更新屏幕上的图像,并切换到新屏幕"""
# 每次循环时都重绘屏幕
screen.fill(ai_settings.bg_color)
for bullet in bullets.sprites():
bullet.draw_bullet()
ship.blitme()
# 让最近绘制的屏幕可见
pygame.display.flip()
删除已消失的子弹
当前,子弹抵达屏幕顶端后消失,这仅仅是因为Pygame无法在屏幕外面绘制它们。这些子弹实际上依然存在,它们的 y 坐标为负数,且越来越小。这是个问题,因为它们将继续 消耗内存和处理能力。
我们需要将这些已消失的子弹删除,否则游戏所做的无谓工作将越来越多,进而变得越来越慢。为此,我们需要检测这样的条件,即表示子弹的rect 的bottom 属性为零,它 表明子弹已穿过屏幕顶端:
alien_invasion.py
import sys
import pygame
from settings import Settings
from ship import Ship
import game_functions as gf
from pygame.sprite import Group
def run_game():
# 初始化游戏并创建一个屏幕对象
pygame.init()
ai_settings = Settings()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((ai_settings.screen_width, ai_settings.screen_height))
pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")
# 创建一艘飞船
ship = Ship(ai_settings, screen)
bullets = Group()
while True:
gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
ship.update()
bullets.update()
for bullet in bullets.copy():
if bullet.rect.bottom <= 0:
bullets.remove(bullet)
print(len(bullets))
gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
run_game()
限制子弹数量
首先,在settings.py
中存储所允许的最大子弹数:
settings.py
class Settings():
"""存储《外星人入侵》的所有设置的类"""
def __init__(self):
"""初始化游戏的设置"""
# 屏幕设置
self.screen_width = 1200
self.screen_height = 800
self.bg_color = (230, 230, 230)
# 飞船的设置
self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
# 子弹设置
self.bullet_speed_factor = 1
self.bullet_width = 3
self.bullet_height = 15
self.bullet_color = 60, 60, 60
self.bullets_allowed = 3
game_functions.py
def check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
--snip--
elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
# 创建新子弹并将其加入到编组bullets中
if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullets_allowed:
new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
bullets.add(new_bullet)
创建函数 update_bullets()
编写并检查子弹管理代码后,可将其移到模块game_functions
中,以让主程序文件alien_invasion.py
尽可能简单。我们创建一个名为update_bullets()
的新函数,并将其添 加到game_functions.py
的末尾:
game_functions.py
def update_bullets(bullets):
"""更新子弹的位置,并删除已消失的子弹"""
# 更新子弹的位置
bullets.update()
# 删除已消失的子弹
for bullet in bullets.copy():
if bullet.rect.bottom <= 0:
bullets.remove(bullet)
alien_invasion.py
while True:
gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
ship.update()
gf.update_bullets(bullets)
gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
创建函数 fire_bullet()
下面将发射子弹的代码移到一个独立的函数中,这样,在check_keydown_events()
中只需使用一行代码来发射子弹,让elif 代码块变得非常简单:
game_functions.py
def check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""响应按键"""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
def fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""如果还没有到达限制,就发射一颗子弹"""
# 创建新子弹,并将其加入到编组bullets中
if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullets_allowed:
new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
bullets.add(new_bullet)
--snip--