1. 初识
1.1 常量
#define day 7
const int month 12;
1.2 关键字
2. 数据类型
数据类型：给变量分配合适的内存空间
2.1 整型
2.2 sizeof关键字
2.3 实型（浮点型）
float f1 = 3.14f;
double d1 = 3.14;
2.4 字符型
2.5 字符串型
c风格：
char str[] = "hello word";
c++风格：
string str = "hello word";
c++风格 要加入头文件
#include <string>
2.6 布尔类型
bool flag = ture;
flag = false;
2.7 数据的输入
整型：
cin >> a;
浮点型：
cin >> f;
字符型：
cin >> ch;
字符串型：
cin >> str;
布尔型：
cin >> flag;
3. 运算符
3.1 算术运算符
只有整型变量才可以进行取模运算
前置递增：先让变量+1，在进行表达式运算
a=2; b=++a;
a=3; b=3;
后置递增
a=2; b=a++;
a=3; b=2;
前置递减
a=2; b=--a;
a=1; b=1;
后置递减
a=2; b=a--;
a=1; b=2;
3.2 赋值运算符
3.3 比较运算符
返回值为假值或真值
3.4 逻辑运算符
返回值为假值或真值
4. 程序流程结构
4.1 选择结构
4.1.1 if语句
单行if语句
if(...){
}
多行if语句
if(...){
}
else{
}
多条件if语句
if(...){
}
else if(...){
}
...
else{
}
嵌套if语句
if(...){
if(...){
}
...
else{
}
}
...
4.1.2 三目运算符
运算符返回的是变量
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
(a > b ? a : b) = 100;
a=10 b=100
4.1.3 switch语句
switch(){
case 结果1:
执行语句;
break;
case 结果2:
执行语句;
break;
...
default:
执行语句;
break;
}
判断只能是整型或是字符型
4.2 循环结构
4.2.1 while循环语句
while(循环条件){
}
猜数：
#include<ctime>
srand((unsigned int)time(NULL)); //随机数种子，防止每次一样
int num = rand() % 100 + 1; //随机生成1~100的数
int num1 = 0; //输入猜测的数
int num2 = 0; //猜测次数
cout << "猜测" << endl;
while (num2<5) {
num2++;
cin >> num1;
if (num1>num) {
cout << "过大" << endl;
}
else if(num1<num){
cout << "过小" << endl;
}
else {
cout << "恭喜" << endl;
break;
}
}
cout << "未猜中" << endl;
4.2.2 do…while循环语句
do{
}
while(...);
//水仙花数
int num = 100;
int num_1 = 0;
int num_2 = 0;
int num_3 = 0;
do{
//取个位
num_1 = num % 10;
//取十位
num_2 = (num / 10) % 10;
//取百位
num_3 = num / 100;
if(num_1*num_1*num_1+num_2*num_2*num_2+num_3* num_3*num_3 == num ) {
cout << "水仙花数:" << num << endl;
}
num++;
}
while (num < 1000);
4.2.3 for循环语句
//敲桌子 1~100的数字 含7和7的倍数
int num_1 = 0;
int num_2 = 0;
int num_3 = 0;
for (int num = 1;num < 101; num++) {
//个位有7
num_1 = num % 10;
//十位有7
num_2 = num / 10;
//7的倍数
num_3 = num % 7;
if (num_1==7 || num_2==7 || num_3==0 ) {
cout << "敲桌子" << endl;
}
else {
cout << num << endl;
}
}
4.2.4 嵌套循环
//乘法表
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
cout << j << "*" << i << "=" << i * j <<"\t";
}
cout << endl;
}
4.3 跳转语句
4.3.1 break语句
for(...){
if(...){
break;
}
}
4.3.2 continue语句
for(...){
if(...){
continue;
}
}
4.3.3 goto语句
...
goto FLAG;
...
FLAG:
...
5. 数组
5.1 概述
5.2 一维数组
5.2.1 一维数组定义方式
int arr[5];
int arr[5] = {1,2,3,4,5};
int arr[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
5.2.2 一维数组数组名
sizeof(arr)
//称重
int arr[] = { 300,350,200,400,250 };
int max = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
if (arr[i] > max) {
max = arr[i];
}
}
cout << "最重: " << max << endl;
//数组倒置
int arr[10] = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 };
int num = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);//数组长度
int start = 0;//数组起始脚标
int end = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]) - 1;//数组末位脚标
int temp = 0;//临时存储
for (int i=0; i<num; i++) {
temp = arr[start];
arr[start] = arr[end];
arr[end] = temp;
start++;
end--;
if (start >= end) {
break;
}
}
for (int j = 0; j < num; j++) {
cout << arr[j] << endl;
}
5.2.3 冒泡排序
//冒泡排序
int arr[] = { 4,2,8,0,5,7,1,3,9,6,3 };
int num = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
int temp = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < num-1; i++){
for (int j = 0; j < num-i-1; j++){
if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]){
temp = arr[j];
arr[j] = arr[j + 1];
arr[j + 1] = temp;
}
}
}
for (int k = 0; k < num; k++) {
cout << arr[k] << endl;
}
5.3 二维数组
5.3.1 二维数组定义方式
int arr[2][3];
int arr[2][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6}};
int arr[2][3]={1,2,3,4,5,6};
int arr[][3]={1,2,3,4,5,6};
5.3.2 二维数组数组名
二维数组的行数：
sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0])
二维数组的列数：
sizeof(arr[0])/sizeof(arr[0][0])
5.3.3 二维数组应用案例
//成绩统计
int scores[3][3] = {
{100,100,100},
{90,50,100},
{60,70,80}
};
string names[3] = { "张三","李四","王五" };
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
int sum = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
sum += scores[i][j];
}
cout << names[i] << "的总成绩： " <<sum<< endl;
}
6. 函数
6.1 概述
6.2 函数的定义
int add(int num_1,num_2){
int sum = num_1 + num_2;
return sum;
}
6.3 函数的调用
int a=10;
int b=20;
int c = add(a,b);
定义函数的num_1,num_2为形参
调用函数的a,b为实参
6.4 值传递
如果函数不需要返回值，声明时可以写void
//换值函数
void swap(int num_1,num_2){
int temp = num_1;
num_1 = num_2;
num_2 = temp;
return;
}
int a=10;
int b=20;
swap(a,b);
值传递中，实参的值不会发生变化，只影响形参
6.5 函数的常见样式
1.无参无返
void test1(){
cout << "..." << endl;
}
test1();
2.有参无返
void test1(int a){
cout << "..." << endl;
return;
}
test2(10000);
3.无参有返
int test3(){
cout << "..." << endl;
return 10000;
}
int num1=test3();
4.有参有返
int test4(int a){
cout << "..." << endl;
return a;
}
int num2=test4(10000);
6.6 函数的声明
6.7 函数的分文件编写
函数声明：swap.h
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void swap(int num_1, int num_2);
函数定义：swap.cpp
#include"swap.h"
void swap(int num_1, int num_2) {
int temp = num_1;
num_1 = num_2;
num_2 = temp;
cout << "a=" << num_1 << endl;
cout << "b=" << num_2 << endl;
}
函数调用：main()
int a = 10, b = 20;
swap(a, b);
下篇：
7. 指针
7.1 指针的基本概念
7.2 指针变量的定义和使用
int a = 10;
1、指针的定义：数据类型 * 变量名
int * p;
p = &a; //指针指向变量a的地址
2、指针的使用：通过 * 进行解引用，找到指针指向地址中的数据
cout << " *p = " << *p << endl;
7.3 指针所占内存空间
指针所占内存：32位操作系统4位，64位操作系统8位。
7.4 空指针和野指针
1、空指针：指针初始化
int * p = NULL;
2、野指针：尽量避免
int * p = (int *)0x1100;
7.5 const修饰指针
1、常量指针：指针的指向可以修改，但指向的值不可以修改
const int * p = &a;
*p = 100; (×)
p = &b; (√)
2、指针常量：指针的指向的值可以修改，但指向不可以修改
int * const p = &a;
*p = 100; (√)
p = &b; (×)
3、既修饰指针，又修饰常量：指针指向及其指向的值都不可以修改
const int * const p = &a;
*p = 100; (×)
p = &b; (×)
7.6 指针和数组
//指针访问数组
int arr[10] = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 };
int * p = arr;
for (int i=0; i < 10; i++){
cout << *p << endl;
p++;
}
7.7 指针和函数
****值传递不改变实参值，地址传递可以修改实参的值****
void swap1(int * p1 , int * p2) {
int temp = *p1;
*p1 = *p2;
*p2 = temp;
}
main(){
...
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
swap1(&a, &b);
cout << a << endl;
cout << b << endl;
...
}
7.8 指针、数组、函数
//指针、数组、函数的冒泡排序
void maopao(int * adr,int num) {
int temp = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < num - 1; i++) {
//存下数组首地址
int * p = adr;
for (int j = 0; j < num - i - 1; j++) {
if (*p > *(p+1)) {
temp = *p;
*p = *(p+1);
*(p+1) = temp;
}
p++;
}
}
}
main(){
...
int arr[] = { 4,2,8,0,5,7,10,1,3,9,6 };
int num = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
//传入数组的首地址和长度
maopao(&arr[0], num);
for (int k = 0; k < num; k++) {
cout << arr[k] << endl;
}
...
}
8. 结构体
8.1 结构体基本概念
8.2 结构体定义和使用
//三种创建结构体变量方式
struct student{
string name;
int age;
int score;
};
main(){
...
// 1
struct student s1;
s1.name = "zhangsan";
s1.age = 18;
s1.score = 99;
// 2
struct student s2 = {"lisi", 19, 95};
...
}
// 3
struct student{
string name;
int age;
int score;
}s3;
main(){
...
s3.name = "wangwu";
s3.age = 20;
s3.score = 90;
...
}
8.3 结构体数组
struct student {
string name;
int age;
int socre;
};
main(){
...
struct student stuarr[3] = {
{"zhangsan", 18, 99},
{"lisi", 19, 95},
{"wangwu", 20, 90},
};
stuarr[0].name = "张三";
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
cout << "姓名：" << stuarr[i].name << "\t年龄：" << stuarr[i].age << "\t成绩：" << stuarr[i].socre << endl;
}
...
}
8.4 结构体指针
struct student {
string name;
int age;
int socre;
};
main(){
...
struct student s1 = {"张三", 18, 95};
struct student * p = &s1;
cout << "姓名：" << p->name << "\t年龄：" << p->age << "\t成绩：" << p->socre << endl;
...
}
8.5 结构体嵌套结构体
struct student {
string name;
int age;
int score;
};
struct teacher {
int id;
string name;
int age;
struct student s1;
};
main(){
...
struct teacher t1;
t1.id = 1;
t1.age = 40;
t1.name = "老张";
t1.s1.name = "小张";
t1.s1.age = 20;
t1.s1.score = 90;
cout
<< " 老师编号：" << t1.id
<< " 老师姓名：" << t1.name
<< " 老师年龄：" << t1.age
<< endl
<< " 学生姓名：" << t1.s1.name
<< " 学生年龄：" << t1.s1.age
<< " 学生成绩：" << t1.s1.score
;
...
}
8.6 结构体做函数参数
struct student {
string name;
int age;
int socre;
};
//值传递
void printstu1(struct student s1) {
cout << "姓名：" << s1.name << "\t年龄：" << s1.age << "\t成绩：" << s1.socre << endl;
}
//地址传递
void printstu2(struct student * p) {
cout << "姓名：" << p->name << "\t年龄：" << p->age << "\t成绩：" << p->socre << endl;
}
main(){
...
struct student s1 = { "张三", 18, 95 };
printstu1(s1);//值传递
printstu2(&s1);//地址传递
...
}
8.7 结构体中的const使用场景
struct student {
string name;
int age;
int socre;
};
void printstu(const struct student * p) {
//p->age = 100; 加入const，不能改变其赋值
cout << "姓名：" << p->name << "\t年龄：" << p->age << "\t成绩：" << p->socre << endl;
}
main(){
...
struct student s1 = { "张三", 18, 95 };
printstu(&s1);
...
}
8.8 结构体案例
8.8.1 案例1
struct student {
string name;
int score;
};
struct teacher {
string name;
struct student stu_arr[5];
};
//赋值函数
void allocateSpace(struct teacher tea_arr[],int len) {
string tea_name = "ABC";
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
tea_arr[i].name += tea_name[i];
string stu_name = "abcde";
for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
int num = rand() % 69 + 31;
tea_arr[i].stu_arr[j].name += stu_name[j];
tea_arr[i].stu_arr[j].score = num;
}
}
}
void printstu(teacher tea_arr[],int len) {
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
cout << tea_arr[i].name << "带的学生：" << endl;
for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
cout << "\t" << tea_arr[i].stu_arr[j].name << "的成绩：" << tea_arr[i].stu_arr[j].score << endl;
}
cout << endl;
}
}
main(){
...
struct teacher tea_arr[3];
struct student stu_arr[5];
int len = sizeof(tea_arr) / sizeof(tea_arr[0]);
srand((unsigned int)time(NULL));
allocateSpace(tea_arr, len);//赋值函数
printstu(tea_arr,len);//打印函数
...
}
8.8.2 案例2
struct hero {
string name;
int age;
string sex;
};
void maopao(struct hero * hero_arr,int len) {
for (int i = 0; i < len - 1; i++) {
struct hero temp;
for (int j = 0; j < len - i - 1; j++) {
if (hero_arr[j].age > hero_arr[j + 1].age) {
temp = hero_arr[j];
hero_arr[j] = hero_arr[j + 1];
hero_arr[j + 1] = temp;
}
}
}
}
main(){
...
struct hero hero_arr[7] = {
{"刘备", 18, "男"},
{"关羽", 22, "男"},
{"张飞", 20, "男"},
{"赵云", 21, "男"},
{"李白", 17, "男"},
{"貂蝉", 19, "女"},
{"西施", 16, "女"}
};
int len = sizeof(hero_arr) / sizeof(hero_arr[0]);
maopao(&hero_arr[0], len);
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
cout << hero_arr[i].name << "\t" << hero_arr[i].age << "\t" << hero_arr[i].sex << endl;
}
...
}
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