OpenGL_Learn15（投光物）

最新推荐文章于 2024-06-09 20:18:37 发布
最新推荐文章于 2024-06-09 20:18:37 发布
阅读量261 收藏
点赞数
分类专栏： OpenGL 文章标签： c++
版权声明：本文为博主原创文章，遵循 CC 4.0 BY-SA 版权协议，转载请附上原文出处链接和本声明。
本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_59068750/article/details/134503307
版权

1. 平行光

cube.vs******************

#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location =1 ) in vec3 aNormal;
layout (location=2) in vec2 aTexCoords;

out vec3 FragPos;
out vec3 Normal;
out vec2 TexCoords;
 
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
 
void main()
{
    FragPos=vec3(model*vec4(aPos,1.0));
    Normal=mat3(transpose(inverse(model)))*aNormal;
    TexCoords=aTexCoords;
    gl_Position = projection * view  * vec4(FragPos, 1.0);
}


cube.fs******************
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
 
in vec3 Normal;
in vec3 FragPos;

 struct Material {
    sampler2D diffuse;
    sampler2D specular;
    float shininess;
}; 
in vec2 TexCoords;
struct Light {
    vec3 direction;
    vec3 ambient;
    vec3 diffuse;
    vec3 specular;
};
uniform Material material;
uniform Light light;
uniform vec3 objectColor;
uniform vec3 lightColor;
uniform vec3 lightPos;
uniform vec3 viewPos;
 
void main()
{
    //ambient
    vec3 ambient=vec3(0.1)*light.ambient*vec3(texture(material.diffuse,TexCoords));
 
    //diffuse
    vec3 norm=normalize(Normal);
    vec3 lightDir=normalize(-light.direction);//光的方向向量是光源位置向量与片段位置向量之间的向量差。
    //对norm和lightDir向量进行点乘，计算光源对当前片段实际的漫反射影响
    //两个向量之间的角度越大，漫反射分量就会越小，点乘的几何意义也如此
    float diff=max(dot(norm,lightDir),0.0);
    vec3 diffuse=light.diffuse*diff*vec3(texture(material.diffuse,TexCoords));

 
    //specular
    //漫反射是光源指向片段位置。现在这个是摄像机指向片段位置
    vec3 viewDir=normalize(viewPos-FragPos);
    vec3 reflectDir=reflect(-lightDir,norm);//reflect第一个参数就是要片段指向摄像机位置
    float spec=pow(max(dot(viewDir,reflectDir),0.0),material.shininess);
    vec3 specular=light.specular*spec*vec3(texture(material.specular,TexCoords));

 
    vec3 result=ambient+diffuse+specular;
    FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
}


light_cube.vs******************
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
 
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
 
void main()
{
	gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}

light_cube.fs******************

#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
uniform vec4 CubeFragColor;
void main()
{   
    FragColor =vec4(1.0);
}

main.cpp

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#include <iostream>
#include "stb_image.h"
#include <cmath>
#include "shader.h"
#include "camera.h"

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);

// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 900;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;


//camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = SCR_WIDTH / 2.0f;
float lastY = SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0f;
bool firstMouse = true;

//timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;//不同配置绘制速度不同，所以需要这个属性
float lastFrame = 0.0f;

// utility function for loading a 2D texture from file
// ---------------------------------------------------
unsigned int loadTexture(char const* path)
{
    unsigned int textureID;
    glGenTextures(1, &textureID);

    int width, height, nrComponents;
    unsigned char* data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
    if (data)
    {
        GLenum format;
        if (nrComponents == 1)
            format = GL_RED;
        else if (nrComponents == 3)
            format = GL_RGB;
        else if (nrComponents == 4)
            format = GL_RGBA;

        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

        stbi_image_free(data);
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << path << std::endl;
        stbi_image_free(data);
    }

    return textureID;
}

int main() {
    //glfw:initialize and configure
    //=============================
    glfwInit();
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

#ifdef __APPLE__
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif

    //glfw window creation
    //=============================
    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "Learn", NULL, NULL);
    if (window == NULL) {
        std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
        glfwTerminate();
        return -1;
    }

    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
    glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
    glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

    //tell GLFW to capture our mouse
    glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);

    //glad::load all OPenGL function pointers
    //=============================
    if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress)) {
        std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }

    //configure gloabl opengl state
    //=============================
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

    //build and compile our shader zprogram
    //=============================
    Shader lightingShader("./cube.vs", "./cube.fs");
    Shader lightingCubeShader("./light_cube.vs", "./light_cube.fs");
    //set up vertex data 

    float vertices[] = {
        // positions          // normals           // texture coords
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,

        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,

        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,

         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,

        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,

        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f
    };
    glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {
    glm::vec3(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
    glm::vec3(2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
    glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
    glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
    glm::vec3(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
    glm::vec3(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
    };
    //第一个
    unsigned int VBO, cubeVAO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);

    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
    glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
    //position attribute
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
    //normal attribute
    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
    glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(6 * sizeof(float)));
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);

    //第二个
    unsigned int lightCubeVAO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &lightCubeVAO);
    glBindVertexArray(lightCubeVAO);

    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);

    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
    //----------
    std::string texturePath = "../../Data/container2.png";
    unsigned int diffuseMap = loadTexture(texturePath.c_str());

    std::string specularPath = "../../Data/container2_specular.png";
    unsigned int specularMap = loadTexture(specularPath.c_str());

    lightingShader.use();
    lightingShader.setInt("material.diffuse", 0);
    lightingShader.setInt("material.specular", 1);
    // render loop
    // -----------
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        // per-frame time logic
        // --------------------
        float currentFrame = static_cast<float>(glfwGetTime());
        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
        lastFrame = currentFrame;

        // input
        // -----
        processInput(window);

        // render
        // ------
        glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        // be sure to activate shader when setting uniforms/drawing objects
        lightingShader.use();
        lightingShader.setVec3("light.direction", -0.2f, -1.0f, -0.3f);
        lightingShader.setVec3("viewPos", camera.Position);

        //光照属性
        lightingShader.setVec3("light.ambient", 0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f);
        lightingShader.setVec3("light.diffuse", 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
        lightingShader.setVec3("light.specular", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
        //材质属性
        lightingShader.setVec3("material.specular", 0.5f,0.5f, 0.5f);
        lightingShader.setFloat("material.shininess",32.0f);

        // view/projection transformations
        glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
        lightingShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
        lightingShader.setMat4("view", view);

        // world transformation
        glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        lightingShader.setMat4("model", model);

        //bind diffuse map
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, diffuseMap);
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, specularMap);
        // render the cube
        glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            glm::mat4 model=glm::mat4(1.0f);
            model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);
            float angle = 20.0f * i;
            model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));
            lightingShader.setMat4("model", model);
            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        }

        // glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
        // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
        glfwPollEvents();
    }

    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &lightCubeVAO);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);

    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;

}
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
    // make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and 
    // height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse moves, this callback is called
// -------------------------------------------------------
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xposIn, double yposIn)
{
    float xpos = static_cast<float>(xposIn);
    float ypos = static_cast<float>(yposIn);

    if (firstMouse)
    {
        lastX = xpos;
        lastY = ypos;
        firstMouse = false;
    }

    float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
    float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top

    lastX = xpos;
    lastY = ypos;

    camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}

// glfw: whenever the mouse scroll wheel scrolls, this callback is called
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
    camera.ProcessMouseScroll(static_cast<float>(yoffset));
}

2. 点光源


#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location =1 ) in vec3 aNormal;
layout (location=2) in vec2 aTexCoords;

out vec3 FragPos;
out vec3 Normal;
out vec2 TexCoords;
 
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
 
void main()
{
    FragPos=vec3(model*vec4(aPos,1.0));
    Normal=mat3(transpose(inverse(model)))*aNormal;
    TexCoords=aTexCoords;
    gl_Position = projection * view  * vec4(FragPos, 1.0);
}


#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
 
in vec3 Normal;
in vec3 FragPos;

 struct Material {
    sampler2D diffuse;
    sampler2D specular;
    float shininess;
}; 
in vec2 TexCoords;
struct Light {
    vec3 position;
    vec3 ambient;
    vec3 diffuse;
    vec3 specular;

    float constant;
    float linear;
    float quadratic;
};
uniform Material material;
uniform Light light;
uniform vec3 objectColor;
uniform vec3 lightColor;
uniform vec3 lightPos;
uniform vec3 viewPos;
 
void main()
{
    float distance    = length(light.position - FragPos);
    float attenuation = 1.0 / (light.constant + light.linear * distance + 
                light.quadratic * (distance * distance));
    
    //ambient
    vec3 ambient=vec3(0.1)*light.ambient*vec3(texture(material.diffuse,TexCoords));
 
    //diffuse
    vec3 norm=normalize(Normal);
    vec3 lightDir=normalize(light.position-FragPos);//光的方向向量是光源位置向量与片段位置向量之间的向量差。
    //对norm和lightDir向量进行点乘，计算光源对当前片段实际的漫反射影响
    //两个向量之间的角度越大，漫反射分量就会越小，点乘的几何意义也如此
    float diff=max(dot(norm,lightDir),0.0);
    vec3 diffuse=light.diffuse*diff*vec3(texture(material.diffuse,TexCoords));

 
    //specular
    //漫反射是光源指向片段位置。现在这个是摄像机指向片段位置
    vec3 viewDir=normalize(viewPos-FragPos);
    vec3 reflectDir=reflect(-lightDir,norm);//reflect第一个参数就是要片段指向摄像机位置
    float spec=pow(max(dot(viewDir,reflectDir),0.0),material.shininess);
    vec3 specular=light.specular*spec*vec3(texture(material.specular,TexCoords));

    ambient*=attenuation;
    diffuse*=attenuation;
    specular*=attenuation;
    vec3 result=ambient+diffuse+specular;
    FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
}

#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
 
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
 
void main()
{
	gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}

#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
void main()
{   
    FragColor =vec4(1.0);
}

camera.h

#ifndef CAMERA_H
#define CAMERA_H

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>

#include <vector>

// Defines several possible options for camera movement. Used as abstraction to stay away from window-system specific input methods
enum Camera_Movement {
    FORWARD,
    BACKWARD,
    LEFT,
    RIGHT
};

// Default camera values
const float YAW = -90.0f;
const float PITCH = 0.0f;
const float SPEED = 2.5f;
const float SENSITIVITY = 0.1f;
const float ZOOM = 45.0f;


// An abstract camera class that processes input and calculates the corresponding Euler Angles, Vectors and Matrices for use in OpenGL
class Camera
{
public:
    // camera Attributes
    glm::vec3 Position;
    glm::vec3 Front;
    glm::vec3 Up;
    glm::vec3 Right;
    glm::vec3 WorldUp;
    // euler Angles
    float Yaw;
    float Pitch;
    // camera options
    float MovementSpeed;
    float MouseSensitivity;
    float Zoom;

    // constructor with vectors
    Camera(glm::vec3 position = glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3 up = glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f), float yaw = YAW, float pitch = PITCH) : Front(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f)), MovementSpeed(SPEED), MouseSensitivity(SENSITIVITY), Zoom(ZOOM)
    {
        Position = position;
        WorldUp = up;
        Yaw = yaw;
        Pitch = pitch;
        updateCameraVectors();
    }
    // constructor with scalar values
    Camera(float posX, float posY, float posZ, float upX, float upY, float upZ, float yaw, float pitch) : Front(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f)), MovementSpeed(SPEED), MouseSensitivity(SENSITIVITY), Zoom(ZOOM)
    {
        Position = glm::vec3(posX, posY, posZ);
        WorldUp = glm::vec3(upX, upY, upZ);
        Yaw = yaw;
        Pitch = pitch;
        updateCameraVectors();
    }

    // returns the view matrix calculated using Euler Angles and the LookAt Matrix
    glm::mat4 GetViewMatrix()
    {
        return glm::lookAt(Position, Position + Front, Up);
    }

    // processes input received from any keyboard-like input system. Accepts input parameter in the form of camera defined ENUM (to abstract it from windowing systems)
    void ProcessKeyboard(Camera_Movement direction, float deltaTime)
    {
        float velocity = MovementSpeed * deltaTime;
        if (direction == FORWARD)
            Position += Front * velocity;
        if (direction == BACKWARD)
            Position -= Front * velocity;
        if (direction == LEFT)
            Position -= Right * velocity;
        if (direction == RIGHT)
            Position += Right * velocity;
    }

    // processes input received from a mouse input system. Expects the offset value in both the x and y direction.
    void ProcessMouseMovement(float xoffset, float yoffset, GLboolean constrainPitch = true)
    {
        xoffset *= MouseSensitivity;
        yoffset *= MouseSensitivity;

        Yaw += xoffset;
        Pitch += yoffset;

        // make sure that when pitch is out of bounds, screen doesn't get flipped
        if (constrainPitch)
        {
            if (Pitch > 89.0f)
                Pitch = 89.0f;
            if (Pitch < -89.0f)
                Pitch = -89.0f;
        }

        // update Front, Right and Up Vectors using the updated Euler angles
        updateCameraVectors();
    }

    // processes input received from a mouse scroll-wheel event. Only requires input on the vertical wheel-axis
    void ProcessMouseScroll(float yoffset)
    {
        Zoom -= (float)yoffset;
        if (Zoom < 1.0f)
            Zoom = 1.0f;
        if (Zoom > 45.0f)
            Zoom = 45.0f;
    }

private:
    // calculates the front vector from the Camera's (updated) Euler Angles
    void updateCameraVectors()
    {
        // calculate the new Front vector
        glm::vec3 front;
        front.x = cos(glm::radians(Yaw)) * cos(glm::radians(Pitch));
        front.y = sin(glm::radians(Pitch));
        front.z = sin(glm::radians(Yaw)) * cos(glm::radians(Pitch));
        Front = glm::normalize(front);
        // also re-calculate the Right and Up vector
        Right = glm::normalize(glm::cross(Front, WorldUp));  // normalize the vectors, because their length gets closer to 0 the more you look up or down which results in slower movement.
        Up = glm::normalize(glm::cross(Right, Front));
    }
};
#endif

main.cpp

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#include <iostream>
#include "stb_image.h"
#include <cmath>
#include "shader.h"
#include "camera.h"

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
unsigned int loadTexture(char const* path);
// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 900;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;


//camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = SCR_WIDTH / 2.0f;
float lastY = SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0f;
bool firstMouse = true;

//timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;//不同配置绘制速度不同，所以需要这个属性
float lastFrame = 0.0f;
// lighting
glm::vec3 lightPos(1.2f, 1.0f, 2.0f);

int main() {
    //glfw:initialize and configure
    //=============================
    glfwInit();
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

#ifdef __APPLE__
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif

    //glfw window creation
    //=============================
    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "Learn", NULL, NULL);
    if (window == NULL) {
        std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
        glfwTerminate();
        return -1;
    }

    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
    glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
    glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

    //tell GLFW to capture our mouse
    glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);

    //glad::load all OPenGL function pointers
    //=============================
    if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress)) {
        std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }

    //configure gloabl opengl state
    //=============================
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

    //build and compile our shader zprogram
    //=============================
    Shader lightingShader("./cube.vs", "./cube.fs");
    Shader lightingCubeShader("./light_cube.vs", "./light_cube.fs");
    //set up vertex data 

    float vertices[] = {
        // positions          // normals           // texture coords
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,

        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,

        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,

         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,

        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,

        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f
    };
    glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {
    glm::vec3(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
    glm::vec3(2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
    glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
    glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
    glm::vec3(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
    glm::vec3(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
    };
    //第一个
    unsigned int VBO, cubeVAO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);

    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
    glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
    //position attribute
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
    //normal attribute
    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
    glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(6 * sizeof(float)));
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);

    //第二个
    unsigned int lightCubeVAO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &lightCubeVAO);
    glBindVertexArray(lightCubeVAO);

    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);

    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
    //----------
    std::string texturePath = "../../Data/container2.png";
    unsigned int diffuseMap = loadTexture(texturePath.c_str());

    std::string specularPath = "../../Data/container2_specular.png";
    unsigned int specularMap = loadTexture(specularPath.c_str());

    lightingShader.use();
    lightingShader.setInt("material.diffuse", 0);
    lightingShader.setInt("material.specular", 1);
    // render loop
    // -----------
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        // per-frame time logic
        // --------------------
        float currentFrame = static_cast<float>(glfwGetTime());
        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
        lastFrame = currentFrame;

        // input
        // -----
        processInput(window);

        // render
        // ------
        glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        // be sure to activate shader when setting uniforms/drawing objects
        lightingShader.use();
        lightingShader.setVec3("light.position",lightPos);
        lightingShader.setVec3("viewPos", camera.Position);

        //光照属性
        lightingShader.setVec3("light.ambient", 0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f);
        lightingShader.setVec3("light.diffuse", 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
        lightingShader.setVec3("light.specular", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
        lightingShader.setFloat("light.constant", 1.0f);
        lightingShader.setFloat("light.linear", 0.09f);
        lightingShader.setFloat("light.quadratic", 0.032f);


        //材质属性
        lightingShader.setVec3("material.specular", 0.5f,0.5f, 0.5f);
        lightingShader.setFloat("material.shininess",32.0f);

        // view/projection transformations
        glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
        lightingShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
        lightingShader.setMat4("view", view);

        // world transformation
        glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        lightingShader.setMat4("model", model);

        //bind diffuse map
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, diffuseMap);
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, specularMap);
        // render the cube
        glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            glm::mat4 model=glm::mat4(1.0f);
            model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);
            float angle = 20.0f * i;
            model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));
            lightingShader.setMat4("model", model);
            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        }

        // glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
        // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
        glfwPollEvents();
    }

    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &lightCubeVAO);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);

    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;

}
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
    // make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and 
    // height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse moves, this callback is called
// -------------------------------------------------------
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xposIn, double yposIn)
{
    float xpos = static_cast<float>(xposIn);
    float ypos = static_cast<float>(yposIn);

    if (firstMouse)
    {
        lastX = xpos;
        lastY = ypos;
        firstMouse = false;
    }

    float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
    float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top

    lastX = xpos;
    lastY = ypos;

    camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}

// glfw: whenever the mouse scroll wheel scrolls, this callback is called
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
    camera.ProcessMouseScroll(static_cast<float>(yoffset));
}

// utility function for loading a 2D texture from file
// ---------------------------------------------------
unsigned int loadTexture(char const* path)
{
    unsigned int textureID;
    glGenTextures(1, &textureID);

    int width, height, nrComponents;
    unsigned char* data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
    if (data)
    {
        GLenum format;
        if (nrComponents == 1)
            format = GL_RED;
        else if (nrComponents == 3)
            format = GL_RGB;
        else if (nrComponents == 4)
            format = GL_RGBA;

        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

        stbi_image_free(data);
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << path << std::endl;
        stbi_image_free(data);
    }

    return textureID;
}

 

3. 手电筒

#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
 
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
 
void main()
{
	gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}


#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
void main()
{   
    FragColor =vec4(1.0);
}



#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location =1 ) in vec3 aNormal;
layout (location=2) in vec2 aTexCoords;

out vec3 FragPos;
out vec3 Normal;
out vec2 TexCoords;
 
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
 
void main()
{
    FragPos=vec3(model*vec4(aPos,1.0));
    Normal=mat3(transpose(inverse(model)))*aNormal;
    TexCoords=aTexCoords;
    gl_Position = projection * view  * vec4(FragPos, 1.0);
}




#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
 
in vec3 Normal;
in vec3 FragPos;

 struct Material {
    sampler2D diffuse;
    sampler2D specular;
    float shininess;
}; 
in vec2 TexCoords;
struct Light {
    vec3 position;
    vec3 direction;
    float cutOff;
    float outerCutOff;

    vec3 ambient;
    vec3 diffuse;
    vec3 specular;

    float constant;
    float linear;
    float quadratic;


};
uniform Material material;
uniform Light light;
uniform vec3 objectColor;
uniform vec3 lightColor;
uniform vec3 lightPos;
uniform vec3 viewPos;
 
void main()
{
    vec3 lightDir=normalize(light.position-FragPos);

    //判断
    float theta=dot(lightDir,normalize(-light.direction));

    
    if(theta > light.cutOff) // remember that we're working with angles as cosines instead of degrees so a '>' is used.
    {    
        // ambient
        vec3 ambient = light.ambient * texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords).rgb;
        
        // diffuse 
        vec3 norm = normalize(Normal);
        float diff = max(dot(norm, lightDir), 0.0);
        vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords).rgb;  
        
        // specular
        vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - FragPos);
        vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, norm);  
        float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), material.shininess);
        vec3 specular = light.specular * spec * texture(material.specular, TexCoords).rgb;  
        
        // attenuation
        float distance    = length(light.position - FragPos);
        float attenuation = 1.0 / (light.constant + light.linear * distance + light.quadratic * (distance * distance));    

        // ambient  *= attenuation; // remove attenuation from ambient, as otherwise at large distances the light would be darker inside than outside the spotlight due the ambient term in the else branch
        diffuse   *= attenuation;
        specular *= attenuation;   
            
        vec3 result = ambient + diffuse + specular;
        FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
    }
    else 
    {
        // else, use ambient light so scene isn't completely dark outside the spotlight.
        FragColor = vec4(light.ambient * texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords).rgb, 1.0);
    }



}

main.cpp

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#include <iostream>
#include "stb_image.h"
#include <cmath>
#include "shader.h"
#include "camera.h"

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
unsigned int loadTexture(char const* path);
// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 900;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;


//camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = SCR_WIDTH / 2.0f;
float lastY = SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0f;
bool firstMouse = true;

//timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;//不同配置绘制速度不同，所以需要这个属性
float lastFrame = 0.0f;
// lighting
glm::vec3 lightPos(1.2f, 1.0f, 2.0f);

int main() {
    //glfw:initialize and configure
    //=============================
    glfwInit();
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

#ifdef __APPLE__
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif

    //glfw window creation
    //=============================
    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "Learn", NULL, NULL);
    if (window == NULL) {
        std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
        glfwTerminate();
        return -1;
    }

    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
    glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
    glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
    glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

    //tell GLFW to capture our mouse
    glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);

    //glad::load all OPenGL function pointers
    //=============================
    if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress)) {
        std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
        return -1;
    }

    //configure gloabl opengl state
    //=============================
    glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

    //build and compile our shader zprogram
    //=============================
    Shader lightingShader("./cube.vs", "./cube.fs");
    Shader lightingCubeShader("./light_cube.vs", "./light_cube.fs");
    //set up vertex data 

    float vertices[] = {
        // positions          // normals           // texture coords
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,

        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,

        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,

         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,

        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,

        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
         0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
        -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f
    };
    glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {
    glm::vec3(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
    glm::vec3(2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
    glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
    glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
    glm::vec3(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
    glm::vec3(1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
    glm::vec3(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
    };
    //第一个
    unsigned int VBO, cubeVAO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
    glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);

    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
    glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
    //position attribute
    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
    //normal attribute
    glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
    glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(6 * sizeof(float)));
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);

    //第二个
    unsigned int lightCubeVAO;
    glGenVertexArrays(1, &lightCubeVAO);
    glBindVertexArray(lightCubeVAO);

    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);

    glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
    //----------
    std::string texturePath = "../../Data/container2.png";
    unsigned int diffuseMap = loadTexture(texturePath.c_str());

    std::string specularPath = "../../Data/container2_specular.png";
    unsigned int specularMap = loadTexture(specularPath.c_str());

    lightingShader.use();
    lightingShader.setInt("material.diffuse", 0);
    lightingShader.setInt("material.specular", 1);
    // render loop
    // -----------
    while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
    {
        // per-frame time logic
        // --------------------
        float currentFrame = static_cast<float>(glfwGetTime());
        deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
        lastFrame = currentFrame;

        // input
        // -----
        processInput(window);

        // render
        // ------
        glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

        // be sure to activate shader when setting uniforms/drawing objects
        lightingShader.use();
        lightingShader.setVec3("light.position", camera.Position);
        lightingShader.setVec3("light.direction", camera.Front);
        lightingShader.setFloat("light.cutOff", glm::cos(glm::radians(12.5f)));
        lightingShader.setVec3("viewPos", camera.Position);

        //光照属性
        lightingShader.setVec3("light.ambient", 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f);
        lightingShader.setVec3("light.diffuse", 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f);
        lightingShader.setVec3("light.specular", 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
        lightingShader.setFloat("light.constant", 1.0f);
        lightingShader.setFloat("light.linear", 0.09f);
        lightingShader.setFloat("light.quadratic", 0.032f);
        


        //材质属性
        lightingShader.setFloat("material.shininess", 32.0f);

        // view/projection transformations
        glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);
        glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
        lightingShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
        lightingShader.setMat4("view", view);

        // world transformation
        glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
        lightingShader.setMat4("model", model);

        //bind diffuse map
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, diffuseMap);
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, specularMap);
        // render the cube
        glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
            model = glm::translate(model, cubePositions[i]);
            float angle = 20.0f * i;
            model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(angle), glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.3f, 0.5f));
            lightingShader.setMat4("model", model);
            glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        }

        // glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
        // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
        glfwPollEvents();
    }

    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
    glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &lightCubeVAO);
    glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);

    glfwTerminate();
    return 0;

}
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
        glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
    if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
        camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
    // make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and 
    // height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
    glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse moves, this callback is called
// -------------------------------------------------------
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xposIn, double yposIn)
{
    float xpos = static_cast<float>(xposIn);
    float ypos = static_cast<float>(yposIn);

    if (firstMouse)
    {
        lastX = xpos;
        lastY = ypos;
        firstMouse = false;
    }

    float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
    float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top

    lastX = xpos;
    lastY = ypos;

    camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}

// glfw: whenever the mouse scroll wheel scrolls, this callback is called
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
    camera.ProcessMouseScroll(static_cast<float>(yoffset));
}

// utility function for loading a 2D texture from file
// ---------------------------------------------------
unsigned int loadTexture(char const* path)
{
    unsigned int textureID;
    glGenTextures(1, &textureID);

    int width, height, nrComponents;
    unsigned char* data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
    if (data)
    {
        GLenum format;
        if (nrComponents == 1)
            format = GL_RED;
        else if (nrComponents == 3)
            format = GL_RGB;
        else if (nrComponents == 4)
            format = GL_RGBA;

        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
        glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
        glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
        glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

        stbi_image_free(data);
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << path << std::endl;
        stbi_image_free(data);
    }

    return textureID;
}

 

江河地笑
关注
  • 0
    点赞
  • 踩
  • 0
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 打赏
    打赏
  • 0
    评论
专栏目录
LearnOpenGL从入门到入魔(1)：OpenGL简介
老蒋也疯狂
12-10 3700
总目录 LearnOpenGL从入门到入魔(1)：OpenGL简介与环境搭建 LearnOpenGL从入门到入魔(2)：OpenGL基本使用 LearnOpenGL从入门到入魔(3)：着色器，纹理 LearnOpenGL从入门到入魔(4)：坐标系统，摄像机 LearnOpenGL从入门到入魔(5)：光照(光照基础，材质) LearnOpenGL从入门到入魔(6)：光照(光照贴图，投光物) 1. OpenGL简介  OpenGL本身并不是一个API，它仅仅是一个由Khronos组织制定并维护的规范(Speci
Opengl ES系列学习--光照贴图
红旺永福
09-06 336
本节我们来学习一下光照贴图的知识，还是在之前的基础上不断完善，效果越来越真实，本节实现的效果如下。 一共四个效果，上面两个是只有漫反射贴图的效果，下面两个是漫反射贴图和光照贴图一起的效果，左侧两个是加了光源随时间变化的影响。大部分的代码都和上一节相同，修改比较小，可以看到作者的思路就是把所有能完善的细节一步步的完善，这样就能得到更好的效果。 本节的Render渲染类是GlLightMapRender，完整源码如下： package com.opengl.learn....
Learn OpenGL with Qt——投光物
ItaLink
05-20 771
投光物 我们目前使用的光照都来自于空间中的一个点。它能给我们不错的效果，但现实世界中，我们有很多种类的光照，每种的表现都不同。将光投射(Cast)到物体的光源叫做投光物(Light Caster)。在这一节中，我们将会讨论几种不同类型的投光物。学会模拟不同种类的光源是又一个能够进一步丰富场景的工具。 我们首先将会讨论定向光(Directional Light)，接下来是点光源(Point Light)，它是我们之前学习的光源的拓展，最后我们将会讨论聚光(Spotlight)。在下一节中我们将讨论如何将这
Learn OpenGL （十二）：投光物
AplusX
11-18 341
平行光 当一个光源处于很远的地方时，来自光源的每条光线就会近似于互相平行。不论物体和/或者观察者的位置，看起来好像所有的光都来自于同一个方向。当我们使用一个假设光源处于无限远处的模型时，它就被称为定向光，因为它的所有光线都有着相同的方向，它与光源的位置是没有关系的。 定向光非常好的一个例子就是太阳。太阳距离我们并不是无限远，但它已经远到在光照计算中可以把它视为无限远了。所以来自太阳的所有光线将...
Learn OpenGL 09 投光物+多光源
Mr_Dongzheng的博客
03-13 1467
将光(Cast)到物体的光源叫做投光物(Light Caster)。投光物主要分为点光源，聚光灯，平行光。
【OpenGL学习笔记⑨】——鼠标控制镜头 + 滚轮控制镜头缩放
Wang_Dou_Dou_的博客
11-14 8676
关键词：OpenGL、鼠标控制镜头移动、鼠标滚轮控制镜头缩放
【OpenGL学习笔记⑧】——键盘控制正方体+光源【冯氏光照模型 光照原理 环境光照+漫反射光照+镜面光照】
Wang_Dou_Dou_的博客
11-01 4564
关键词：OpenGL、光照原理、键盘控制正方体移动、冯氏光照模型、光照原理、环境光照、漫反射光照、镜面光照
基于Qt的OpenGL学习(LearnOpenGL With Qt)
zhyjie100的博客
12-10 1144
根据LearnOpenGL CN增减成适合Qt开发的教程
opengl介绍 webGL Open Inventor、Cosmo3D、Optimizer 3DLabs
klzhang的专栏
09-11 1886
OpenGL是一个开放的三维图形软件包，它独立于窗口系统和操作系统，以它为基础开发的应用程序可以十分方便地在各种平台间移植；OpenGL可以与Visual C++紧密接口，便于实现机械手的有关计算和图形算法，可保证算法的正确性和可靠性；OpenGL使用简便，效率高。它具有七大功能： 1.建模：OpenGL图形库除了提供基本的点、线、多边形的绘制函数外，还提供了复杂的三维物体（球、锥、多面体、
OpenGL_learn.zip_C语言编写OpenGL_learn c
09-23
OPenGL教程，初学者实用，C语言程序编写
OpenGL_learn.rar_learn c _learn opengl_leran opengl教程
09-23
OPENGl入门教程，电子书籍，仅供初学者参考学习，vc环境下使用。
opengl.rar_GDE_learn opengl_run
09-19
Learn of OpenGL, and it is run under GDE
OpenGL:opengl_learn
05-24
的OpenGL opengl_learn
opengl-es.zip_opengl_opengl es
09-14
opengl es画一个立体图形,重简单到复杂
【C++】——Stack与Queue（含优先队列（详细解读）
最新发布
m0_74092462的博客
06-09 1019
优先队列是一种容器适配器，根据严格的弱排序标准，它的第一个元素总是它所包含的元素中最大的。stack是一种容器适配器，专门用在具有后进先出操作的上下文环境中，其删除只能从容器的一端进行元素的插入与提取操作。 队列是一种容器适配器，专门用于在FIFO上下文(先进先出)中操作，其中从容器一端插入元素，另一端提取元素。
C++——计算不同的非空子串个数
我发布的博客，快来抄答案吧
06-09 151
BCSP-X 11题 C++代码详解
LeetCode 算法：轮转数组c++
小金牛来了
06-09 693
LeetCode 算法：轮转数组c++
C++的算法：欧拉道路与欧拉回路
全栈工程师Linda的博客
06-09 1114
C++的算法：欧拉道路与欧拉回路
mali_opengl_es_emulator
08-19
mali_opengl_es_emulator是一种用于模拟Mali GPU的OpenGL ES（图形处理器）的工具。 Mali GPU是一种由ARM（英国计算机处理器设计公司）开发的图形处理器，广泛应用于移动设备和嵌入式系统中。它具有高效的能力和低...

“相关推荐”对你有帮助么？

  • 非常没帮助
  • 没帮助
  • 一般
  • 有帮助
  • 非常有帮助
提交
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

个

红包个数最小为10个

元

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43元 前往充值 >
需支付：10.00元
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包

打赏作者

江河地笑

实践是检验真理的唯一标准

¥1 ¥2 ¥4 ¥6 ¥10 ¥20
扫码支付：¥1
获取中
扫码支付

您的余额不足，请更换扫码支付或充值

打赏作者

实付元
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明：

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币，按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载，可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值