在完成作业之前，我们很有必要知道一些Octave的语法，才能看懂作业要求。
1、randperm:生成随机序列
A=[2,3,4,5]
A =
2 3 4 5
>> rand_indices=randperm(length(A))
rand_indices =
1 4 2 3
>> A(:,rand_indices(1:3))
ans =
2 5 32、绘图
hist()：绘制直方图；
plot(x, y)：绘制二维曲线图。
xlable()/ylable()：添加x和y轴的说明；
legend()：添加图例；
title()：添加图的名称；
axis()：变换坐标范围；
colorbar：添加颜色指示条；
hold on：继续添加图；
close：关闭图片窗口；
clf：清除图；
figure(1)：开启第一个窗口；
subplot(1, 2, 1)：将窗口划成两半，进入第一半；
print -dpng ‘picName.png’：保存图片；
colormap：设定和获取当前的色图。
使用方法
色图是一个m*3的实数矩阵，实数的大小在0到1.0之间，每一行是定义一种颜色的一个RGB向量。颜色图的第k行定义第k种颜色，其中 map(k,:)=[r(k) g(k) b(k)]定义为红、绿、蓝亮度。
（1）colormap(map)
设置颜色图为矩阵map。如果map中的任何值在区间[0,1]之外，MATLAB返回错误：Colormap must have values in [0,1]。
（2）colormap(‘default’)
将当前的颜色图设置为默认的颜色图。
（3）cmap=colormap
返回当前的颜色图。返回的值都在区间[0,1]内。
3、行与列的最大值
MAX函数
当A是一个列向量时候，返回一个最大值，在此不在赘述。
当Amxn是一个矩阵的时候，有以下几种情况：
① C = max(max(A))，返回矩阵最大值
② D = max(A,[],1)，每一列的最值，得到行向量
③ E = max(A,[],2)，每一行的最值，得到列向量
>> max(A)
ans = 3
>> A=[1,2;3,4]
A =
1 2
3 4
>> max(A) %the max value of each colonm
ans =
3 4
>> max(A,[],1) %the max value of each colonm
ans =
3 4
>> max(A,[],2) %the max value of each row
ans =
2
4
>> max(max(A))
ans = 4接下来看作业。
作业提供了数据集.mat格式的文件5000*400，是手写数字，5000个20*20灰度图象的样本，灰度用浮点表示。
数据集的第二部分是维度5000的y向量，0 被标记为10，1~9标记1~9。
直接用load命令就可以导入octave，随机选择100行画图。
1、lrCostFunction.m
正规化后的代价函数和梯度下降向量化为：
function [J, grad] = lrCostFunction(theta, X, y, lambda)
%LRCOSTFUNCTION Compute cost and gradient for logistic regression with
%regularization
% J = LRCOSTFUNCTION(theta, X, y, lambda) computes the cost of using
% theta as the parameter for regularized logistic regression and the
% gradient of the cost w.r.t. to the parameters.
% Initialize some useful values
m = length(y); % number of training examples
% You need to return the following variables correctly
J = 0;
grad = zeros(size(theta));
% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
% Instructions: Compute the cost of a particular choice of theta.
% You should set J to the cost.
% Compute the partial derivatives and set grad to the partial
% derivatives of the cost w.r.t. each parameter in theta
%
% Hint: The computation of the cost function and gradients can be
% efficiently vectorized. For example, consider the computation
%
% sigmoid(X * theta)
%
% Each row of the resulting matrix will contain the value of the
% prediction for that example. You can make use of this to vectorize
% the cost function and gradient computations.
%
% Hint: When computing the gradient of the regularized cost function,
% there're many possible vectorized solutions, but one solution
% looks like:
% grad = (unregularized gradient for logistic regression)
% temp = theta;
% temp(1) = 0; % because we don't add anything for j = 0
% grad = grad + YOUR_CODE_HERE (using the temp variable)
%
J=(-log(sigmoid(theta'*X'))*y-log(1-sigmoid(theta'*X'))*(1-y))/m+lambda*(theta(2:size(theta,1),1)'*theta(2:size(theta,1),1))/2/m;
grad(1,1)=X(:,1)'*(sigmoid(theta'*X')'-y)/m;
grad(2:size(theta,1),1)=X(:,2:size(theta,1))'*(sigmoid(theta'*X')'-y)/m+theta(2:size(theta,1),1)*lambda/m;
% =============================================================
%矩阵转为列向量
grad = grad(:);
end
2、oneVsAll(X, y, num_labels, lambda)：输入的参数num_labels表示标签的个数，也就是逻辑回归分类器的个数，这里返回的矩阵all_theta的第i行表示对标签i的分类。
function [all_theta] = oneVsAll(X, y, num_labels, lambda)
%ONEVSALL trains multiple logistic regression classifiers and returns all
%the classifiers in a matrix all_theta, where the i-th row of all_theta
%corresponds to the classifier for label i
% [all_theta] = ONEVSALL(X, y, num_labels, lambda) trains num_labels
% logistic regression classifiers and returns each of these classifiers
% in a matrix all_theta, where the i-th row of all_theta corresponds
% to the classifier for label i
% Some useful variables
m = size(X, 1);
n = size(X, 2);
% You need to return the following variables correctly
all_theta = zeros(num_labels, n + 1);
% Add ones to the X data matrix
%ones（m,n)表示初始化一个m*n的矩阵，值全为1
%[A B]表示A作为列插到B的前面，[A,B]表示作为行插到B的前面
X = [ones(m, 1) X];
% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
% Instructions: You should complete the following code to train num_labels
% logistic regression classifiers with regularization
% parameter lambda.
%
% Hint: theta(:) will return a column vector.
%
% Hint: You can use y == c to obtain a vector of 1's and 0's that tell you
% whether the ground truth is true/false for this class.
%
% Note: For this assignment, we recommend using fmincg to optimize the cost
% function. It is okay to use a for-loop (for c = 1:num_labels) to
% loop over the different classes.
%
% fmincg works similarly to fminunc, but is more efficient when we
% are dealing with large number of parameters.
%
% Example Code for fmincg:
%
% % Set Initial theta
% initial_theta = zeros(n + 1, 1);
%
% % Set options for fminunc
% options = optimset('GradObj', 'on', 'MaxIter', 50);
%
% % Run fmincg to obtain the optimal theta
% % This function will return theta and the cost
% [theta] = ...
% fmincg (@(t)(lrCostFunction(t, X, (y == c), lambda)), ...
% initial_theta, options);
%
initial_theta=zeros(n+1,1);
options=optimset('GradObj','on','MaxIter',50);
for i=1:num_labels
all_theta(i,:)=fmincg(@(t)(lrCostFunction(t,X,(y==i),lambda)),initial_theta,options);
% =========================================================================
end3、predictOneVsAll(all_theta, X):使用多分类逻辑回归函数进行预测
function p = predictOneVsAll(all_theta, X)
%PREDICT Predict the label for a trained one-vs-all classifier. The labels
%are in the range 1..K, where K = size(all_theta, 1).
% p = PREDICTONEVSALL(all_theta, X) will return a vector of predictions
% for each example in the matrix X. Note that X contains the examples in
% rows. all_theta is a matrix where the i-th row is a trained logistic
% regression theta vector for the i-th class. You should set p to a vector
% of values from 1..K (e.g., p = [1; 3; 1; 2] predicts classes 1, 3, 1, 2
% for 4 examples)
m = size(X, 1);
num_labels = size(all_theta, 1);
% You need to return the following variables correctly
p = zeros(size(X, 1), 1);
% Add ones to the X data matrix
X = [ones(m, 1) X];
% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
% Instructions: Complete the following code to make predictions using
% your learned logistic regression parameters (one-vs-all).
% You should set p to a vector of predictions (from 1 to
% num_labels).
%
% Hint: This code can be done all vectorized using the max function.
% In particular, the max function can also return the index of the
% max element, for more information see 'help max'. If your examples
% are in rows, then, you can use max(A, [], 2) to obtain the max
% for each row.
%
tmp=X*all_theta';
[value,index]=max(tmp,[],2);
p=index;
% =========================================================================
end
4、predict.m:使用已经训练好的参数，用神经网络进行预测
这个神经网络有3层，隐藏层有25个单元
所以Theta1是25×401，Theta2是10×26
在计算a(2)的时候记得给x(i)加上x0
求出的应该是hθ(x)k个元素中的最大值的下标
function p = predict(Theta1, Theta2, X)
%PREDICT Predict the label of an input given a trained neural network
% p = PREDICT(Theta1, Theta2, X) outputs the predicted label of X given the
% trained weights of a neural network (Theta1, Theta2)
% Useful values
m = size(X, 1);
num_labels = size(Theta2, 1);
% You need to return the following variables correctly
p = zeros(size(X, 1), 1);
% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
% Instructions: Complete the following code to make predictions using
% your learned neural network. You should set p to a
% vector containing labels between 1 to num_labels.
%
% Hint: The max function might come in useful. In particular, the max
% function can also return the index of the max element, for more
% information see 'help max'. If your examples are in rows, then, you
% can use max(A, [], 2) to obtain the max for each row.
%
X=[ones(m,1) X];
layer2=sigmoid(X*Theta1');
layer2=[ones(size(layer2,1),1) layer2];
layer3=sigmoid(layer2*Theta2');
[a,b]=max(layer3,[],2);
p=b;
% =========================================================================
end注意：
1）任何的布尔函数都可以由两层单元的网络准确表示，但是所需的隐藏层神经元的数量随网络输入数量呈指数级增长；
2）任意连续函数都可由一个两层的网络以任意精度逼近。这里的两层网络是指隐藏层使用sigmoid单元、输出层使用非阈值的线性单元；
3）任意函数都可由一个三层的网络以任意精度逼近。其两层隐藏层使用sigmoid单元、输出层使用非阈值的线性单元。
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