引言
本科毕业以后越觉数学的奇妙,想弥补一下数学知识的证明,做点记录,方便后续查阅。
1.知识铺垫:数列极限的四则运算
定理2,2.5 设
lim
n
→
∞
x
n
=
a
\operatorname*{lim}_{n\rightarrow\infty}x_{n}=a
limn→∞xn=a,
lim
n
→
∞
y
n
=
b
\operatorname*{lim}_{n\rightarrow\infty}y_{n}=b
limn→∞yn=b,则
(I)
lim
n
→
∞
(
α
x
n
+
β
y
n
)
=
α
a
+
β
b
\operatorname*{lim}_{n\rightarrow\infty}(\alpha x_{n}+\beta y_n)=\alpha a+\beta b
limn→∞(αxn+βyn)=αa+βb(
α
\alpha
α和
β
\beta
β是常数)
(II)
lim
n
→
∞
(
x
n
y
n
)
=
a
b
\operatorname*{lim}_{n\rightarrow\infty}(x_{n}y_n)=ab
limn→∞(xnyn)=ab
(III)
lim
n
→
∞
(
x
n
/
y
n
)
=
a
/
b
\operatorname*{lim}_{n\rightarrow\infty}(x_{n}/y_n)=a/b
limn→∞(xn/yn)=a/b(
b
≠
0
b\neq 0
b=0)
(本例摘自参考资料[1]p28 【第二章 第列极限
§
2
\S2
§2实数系的连续性】)
【证明】 【证明】 【证明】
由于 lim n → ∞ x n = a \operatorname*{lim}_{n\rightarrow\infty}x_{n}=a limn→∞xn=a,可知 ∃ X \exist X ∃X,使得 ∣ x n ∣ ≤ X |x_n|\le X ∣xn∣≤X, ∀ ε > 0 \forall \varepsilon>0 ∀ε>0, ∃ N 1 \exist N_1 ∃N1, n > N 1 n> N_1 n>N1: ∣ x n − a ∣ < ε |x_n-a|<\varepsilon ∣xn−a∣<ε
由于 lim n → ∞ y n = b \operatorname*{lim}_{n\rightarrow\infty}y_{n}=b limn→∞yn=b, ∀ ε > 0 \forall \varepsilon>0 ∀ε>0, ∃ N 2 \exist N_2 ∃N2, n > N 2 n> N_2 n>N2: ∣ y n − b ∣ < ε |y_n-b|<\varepsilon ∣yn−b∣<ε
取 N = max { N 1 , N 2 } , ∀ n > N N=\max\{N_1,N_2\}, \forall n>N N=max{N1,N2},∀n>N有
∣ ( α x n + β y n ) − ( α a + β b ) ∣ ≤ ∣ α ∣ ⋅ ∣ x n − a ∣ + ∣ β ∣ ⋅ ∣ y n − b ∣ < ( ∣ α ∣ + ∣ β ∣ ) ε |(\alpha x_{n}+\beta y_n)-(\alpha a+\beta b)|\le|\alpha|\cdot|x_n-a|+|\beta|\cdot|y_n-b|<(|\alpha|+|\beta|)\varepsilon ∣(αxn+βyn)−(αa+βb)∣≤∣α∣⋅∣xn−a∣+∣β∣⋅∣yn−b∣<(∣α∣+∣β∣)ε(I)证毕∣ x n y n − a b ∣ = ∣ x n ( y n − b ) + b ( x n − a ) ∣ ≤ ∣ x n ∣ ⋅ ∣ y n − b ∣ + ∣ b ∣ ⋅ ∣ x n − a ∣ < ( X + ∣ b ∣ ) ε | x_{n}y_n-ab|=|x_{n}(y_n-b)+b(x_n-a)|\le|x_n|\cdot|y_n-b|+|b|\cdot|x_n-a|<(X+|b|)\varepsilon ∣xnyn−ab∣=∣xn(yn−b)+b(xn−a)∣≤∣xn∣⋅∣yn−b∣+∣b∣⋅∣xn−a∣<(X+∣b∣)ε(II)证毕
利用定理2.2.3的推论 : ∃ N 0 \exist N_0 ∃N0, n > N 0 n>N_0 n>N0,成立 ∣ y n ∣ > ∣ b ∣ 2 |y_n|>\frac{|b|}{2} ∣yn∣>2∣b∣
取 N = max { N 0 , N 1 , N 2 } , ∀ n > N N=\max\{N_0,N_1,N_2\}, \forall n>N N=max{N0,N1,N2},∀n>N有
∣ x n y n − a b ∣ = ∣ b ( x n − a ) − a ( y n − b ) y n b ∣ < ∣ 2 ( ∣ a ∣ + ∣ b ∣ ) ε b 2 ∣ \left|\frac{x_n}{y_n}-\frac{a}{b}\right|=\left|\frac{b(x_n-a)-a(y_n-b)}{y_nb}\right|<\left|\frac{2(|a|+|b|)\varepsilon}{b^2}\right| ∣ ∣ynxn−ba∣ ∣=∣ ∣ynbb(xn−a)−a(yn−b)∣ ∣<∣ ∣b22(∣a∣+∣b∣)ε∣ ∣(III)证毕
参考资料
[1]数学分析[M]. 高等教育出版社 , 陈纪修等[编著], 2004