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ramfs, rootfs and initramfs October 17, 2005 Rob Landley <rob@landley.net> =============================What is ramfs?--------------Ramfs is a very simple filesystem that exports Linux's disk...

ext4_map_blocks(): inode 8, flag 0, max_blocks 1,logical block 0ext4_map_blocks(): inode 8, flag 0, max_blocks 1,logical block 0ext4_map_blocks(): inode 8, flag 0, max_blocks 1,logical block 1ex

blocks 0/1 requested for inode 8  size=88584192blocks 1/1 requested for inode 8  size=88584192blocks 2/1 requested for inode 8  size=88584192blocks 3/1 requested for inode 8  size=88584192bloc

Extent Tree In ext4, the file to logical block map has been replaced with an extent tree. Under the old scheme, allocating a contiguous run of 1,000 blocks requires an indirect block to map all 1,000

Direct/Indirect Block Addressing In ext2/3, file block numbers were mapped to logical block numbers by means of an (up to) three level 1-1 block map. To find the logical block that stores a particul

$ sudo mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/sdcmke2fs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)/dev/sdc is entire device, not just one partition!Proceed anyway? (y,n) yFilesystem label=OS type: LinuxBlock size=4096 (log=2)Fra

Disk /dev/sdc: 15.5 GB, 15472047104 bytes32 heads, 63 sectors/track, 14989 cylinders, total 30218842 sectorsUnits = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512

/* * The ext4_map_blocks() function tries to look up the requested blocks, * and returns if the blocks are already mapped. * * Otherwise it takes the write lock of the i_data_sem and allocate

/* * The free blocks are managed by bitmaps.  A file system contains several * blocks groups.  Each group contains 1 bitmap block for blocks, 1 bitmap * block for inodes, N blocks for the inode

/* * Read the inode allocation bitmap for a given block_group, reading * into the specified slot in the superblock's bitmap cache. * Return buffer_head of bitmap on success or NULL. */static stru

static struct inode *alloc_inode(struct super_block *sb){    struct inode *inode;    if (sb->s_op->alloc_inode)        inode = sb->s_op->alloc_inode(sb);    else        inode = kmem_cach

/* * Called inside transaction, so use GFP_NOFS */static struct inode *ext4_alloc_inode(struct super_block *sb){    struct ext4_inode_info *ei;    ei = kmem_cache_alloc(ext4_inode_cachep

static const match_table_t tokens = { {Opt_bsd_df, "bsddf"}, {Opt_minix_df, "minixdf"}, {Opt_grpid, "grpid"}, {Opt_grpid, "bsdgroups"}, {Opt_nogrpid, "nogrpid"}, {Opt_nogrpid, "sysvgroups"

EXT4 features Compatibility Any existing Ext3 filesystem can be mounted as Ext4 without requiring any on-disk format changes. However, it is possible to upgrade an Ext3 filesystem to take advantage

General Information Ext4 was released as a functionally complete and stable filesystem in Linux 2.6.28, and it's getting included in all the modern distros (in some cases as the default fs), so if you

Creating ext4 filesystems Creating a new ext4 filesystem is very easy once you have upgraded to e2fsprogs 1.41 or later. Simply type: # mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/DEV or # mkfs.ext4 /dev/DEV Once the files

The Contents of inode.i_block Depending on the type of file an inode describes, the 60 bytes of storage in inode.i_block can be used in different ways. In general, regular files and directories will

Inode Table In a regular UNIX filesystem, the inode stores all the metadata pertaining to the file (time stamps, block maps, extended attributes, etc), not the directory entry. To find the informatio

Block and inode Bitmaps The data block bitmap tracks the usage of data blocks within the block group. The inode bitmap records which entries in the inode table are in use. As with most bitmaps, one bi

Block Group Descriptors Each block group on the filesystem has one of these descriptors associated with it. As noted in the Layout section above, the group descriptors (if present) are the second ite

The Super Block The superblock records various information about the enclosing filesystem, such as block counts, inode counts, supported features, maintenance information, and more. If the sparse_supe

Overview An ext4 file system is split into a series of block groups. To reduce performance difficulties due to fragmentation, the block allocator tries very hard to keep each file's blocks within t

Terminology ext4 divides a storage device into an array of logical blocks both to reduce bookkeeping overhead and to increase throughput by forcing larger transfer sizes. Generally, the block size

int ext4_register_li_request(struct super_block *sb,     ext4_group_t first_not_zeroed){ struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(sb); struct ext4_li_request *elr = NULL; ext4_group_t ngroups =

ext4_run_lazyinit_threadstatic int ext4_run_lazyinit_thread(void){ ext4_lazyinit_task = kthread_run(ext4_lazyinit_thread, ext4_li_info, "ext4lazyinit"); if (IS_ERR(ext4_lazyinit_task)

ext4_breadstruct buffer_head *ext4_bread(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,       ext4_lblk_t block, int map_flags){ struct buffer_head *bh; bh = ext4_getblk(handle, inode,

struct ext4_map_blocks { ext4_fsblk_t m_pblk; ext4_lblk_t m_lblk; unsigned int m_len; unsigned int m_flags;};/* * The ext4_map_blocks() function tries to look up the reques

static int __init ext4_init_fs(void){ int i, err; ratelimit_state_init(&ext4_mount_msg_ratelimit, 30 * HZ, 64); ext4_li_info = NULL; mutex_init(&ext4_li_mtx); /* Build-time check f

ext4_mountstatic struct dentry *ext4_mount(struct file_system_type *fs_type, int flags,       const char *dev_name, void *data){ return mount_bdev(fs_type, flags, dev_name, data, ext4_fill

ext4_fill_superstatic int ext4_fill_super(struct super_block *sb, void *data, int silent){ char *orig_data = kstrdup(data, GFP_KERNEL); struct buffer_head *bh; struct ext4_super_block *e

/* * `handle' can be NULL if create is zero */struct buffer_head *ext4_getblk(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t block, int map_flags){ struct ext4_map_blocks map; str

ext4_dir_inode_operationsconst struct inode_operations ext4_dir_inode_operations = { .create = ext4_create, .lookup = ext4_lookup, .link = ext4_link, .unlink = ext4_unlink, .symlink =

ext4_file_inode_operationsconst struct inode_operations ext4_file_inode_operations = { .setattr = ext4_setattr, .getattr = ext4_getattr, .listxattr = ext4_listxattr, .get_acl = ext4_ge

ext4_dir_operationsconst struct file_operations ext4_dir_operations = { .llseek = ext4_dir_llseek, .read = generic_read_dir, .iterate_shared = ext4_readdir, .unlocked_ioctl = ext4_ioctl,

ext4_file_operationsconst struct file_operations ext4_file_operations = { .llseek = ext4_llseek, .read_iter = generic_file_read_iter, .write_iter = ext4_file_write_iter, .unlocked_ioctl =

int __init ext4_init_sysfs(void){ int ret; kobject_set_name(&ext4_kset.kobj, "ext4"); ext4_kset.kobj.parent = fs_kobj; ret = kset_register(&ext4_kset); if (ret) return ret; re

int ext4_mpage_readpages(struct address_space *mapping, struct list_head *pages, struct page *page, unsigned nr_pages){ struct bio *bio = NULL; sector_t last_block_in_bio = 0; st

static int ext4_file_open(struct inode * inode, struct file * filp){ struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb; struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb); struct vfsmount *mnt = filp->f_path.

struct ext4_super_block/* * Structure of the super block */struct ext4_super_block {/*00*/ __le32 s_inodes_count; /* Inodes count */ __le32 s_blocks_count_lo; /* Blocks count */ __le32