建议通过标题来快速跳转
Vit (Vision Transformer)
Vit把图片打成了patch，然后过标准的TransformerEncoder，最后用CLS token来做分类。关于怎么打成patch再写一些介绍，假设一个图片是224×224×3，每个patch大小是16×16，那么就会有224×224/(16×16)=196的seq_length，每个patch的维度就是16×16×3=768，这个768再过一个Linear层，最终一个图就可以用196×768表示了，再补个cls token，就成了197×768
Vit的位置编码
作者在文中试了几种方式，发现这几种在分类上效果差不多
- 1-dimensional positional embedding
- 2-dimensional positional embedding
- Relative positional embeddings
Vit少了Inductive bias
In CNNs, locality, two-dimensional neighborhood structure, and translation equivariance are baked into each layer throughout the whole model。卷积和FFN相比主要的优先就是局部连接和权值共享。
SwinTransformer
SwinTransformer可以看成是披着ResNet外壳的vision transformer，swin 就是两个关键词：patch + 多尺度。下面结合code来说一些重点的细节：
总览图
这里W-MSA缩写是window-multi head self attention，SW-MSA缩写是shifted window-multi head self attention。整个模型采取层次化的设计，一共包含4个Stage，每个stage都会缩小输入特征图的分辨率，像CNN一样逐层扩大感受野。
- 在输入开始的时候，做了一个Patch Embedding，将图片切成一个个图块，并嵌入到Embedding。
- 在每个Stage里，由Patch Merging和多个Block组成。其中Patch Merging模块主要在每个Stage一开始降低图片分辨率（把H×W×C转成(H/2)×(W/2)×(2C)），把进而形成层次化的设计，同时也能节省一定运算量。
- 而Block具体结构如右图所示，主要是LayerNorm，MLP，window-multi head self attention和 shifted window-multi head self attention组成。所以一个Block里至少有两个MSA结构
结合代码实现看更多细节
Patch Embedding
在输入进Block前，我们需要将图片切成一个个patch，然后嵌入向量。采用patch_size * patch_size的窗口大小，通过nn.Conv2d，将stride，kernelsize设置为patch_size大小，patch_size设置为4。值得注意的是SwinTransformer的patch_size×patch_size是4×4，而Vit的patch_size×patch_size是16×16，所以SwinTransformer的序列长度就会长很多，这对于Transformer是吃不消的，因此就有了W-MSA放在一个窗口内减少复杂度。
class PatchEmbed(nn.Module):
def __init__(self,
img_size=224,
patch_size=4,
in_chans=3,
embed_dim=96,
norm_layer=None):
super().__init__()
img_size = to_2tuple(img_size)
patch_size = to_2tuple(patch_size)
patches_resolution = [
img_size[0] // patch_size[0], img_size[1] // patch_size[1]
]
self.img_size = img_size
self.patch_size = patch_size
self.patches_resolution = patches_resolution
self.num_patches = patches_resolution[0] * patches_resolution[1]
self.in_chans = in_chans
self.embed_dim = embed_dim
self.proj = nn.Conv2d(in_chans,
embed_dim,
kernel_size=patch_size,
stride=patch_size)
if norm_layer is not None:
self.norm = norm_layer(embed_dim)
else:
self.norm = None
def forward(self, x):
B, C, H, W = x.shape
# FIXME look at relaxing size constraints
assert H == self.img_size[0] and W == self.img_size[1], \
f"Input image size ({H}*{W}) doesn't match model ({self.img_size[0]}*{self.img_size[1]})."
x = self.proj(x).flatten(2).transpose(1, 2) # B Ph*Pw C
if self.norm is not None:
x = self.norm(x)
return x
Patch Merging
这一步用Yi Zhu老师的图最好了，Patch Merging模块主要在每个Stage一开始降低图片分辨率（把H×W×C转成(H/2)×(W/2)×(2C)），把进而形成层次化的设计，同时也能节省一定运算量。
class PatchMerging(nn.Module):
r""" Patch Merging Layer.
Args:
input_resolution (tuple[int]): Resolution of input feature.
dim (int): Number of input channels.
norm_layer (nn.Module, optional): Normalization layer. Default: nn.LayerNorm
"""
def __init__(self, input_resolution, dim, norm_layer=nn.LayerNorm):
super().__init__()
self.input_resolution = input_resolution
self.dim = dim
self.reduction = nn.Linear(4 * dim, 2 * dim, bias=False)
self.norm = norm_layer(4 * dim)
def forward(self, x):
"""
x: B, H*W, C
"""
H, W = self.input_resolution
B, L, C = x.shape
assert L == H * W, "input feature has wrong size"
assert H % 2 == 0 and W % 2 == 0, f"x size ({H}*{W}) are not even."
x = x.view(B, H, W, C)
x0 = x[:, 0::2, 0::2, :] # B H/2 W/2 C
x1 = x[:, 1::2, 0::2, :] # B H/2 W/2 C
x2 = x[:, 0::2, 1::2, :] # B H/2 W/2 C
x3 = x[:, 1::2, 1::2, :] # B H/2 W/2 C
x = torch.cat([x0, x1, x2, x3], -1) # B H/2 W/2 4*C
x = x.view(B, -1, 4 * C) # B H/2*W/2 4*C
x = self.norm(x)
x = self.reduction(x)
return x
Window Attention
这部分关键点就两点：
- 刚才提到的用了Window减少复杂度
- 加了相对位置编码，把 S o f t M a x ( Q K T / d ) SoftMax(QK^T/\sqrt d) SoftMax(QKT/d)变成 S o f t M a x ( ( Q K T + B ) / d ) SoftMax((QK^T+B)/\sqrt d) SoftMax((QKT+B)/d)，其中B就是那个相对位置编码
Window Attention复杂度
这里hw分别是图片的高宽，C是embedding dim。Transformer复杂度看了无数遍是
O
(
n
2
d
)
O(n^2d)
O(n2d)，其中n是序列长度，也就是这里的hw，d是embedding dim，也就是这里的C。但实际上经常脑子晕搞不起是几倍的
n
2
d
n^2d
n2d，这里结合代码进一步明确下Transformer的复杂度：
- scaled dot production复杂度： 2 n 2 d = 2 ( h w ) 2 C 2n^2d=2(hw)^2C 2n2d=2(hw)2C
- Q、K、V三个矩阵和输出前的dense： 3 n d 2 + n d 2 = 4 n d 2 = 4 h w C 2 3nd^2+nd^2=4nd^2=4hwC^2 3nd2+nd2=4nd2=4hwC2
- position-size feedforward: 4 n d 2 + 4 n d 2 = 8 n d 2 4nd^2+4nd^2=8nd^2 4nd2+4nd2=8nd2，这部分在公式(1)中不需要体现，Swin里没这些
公式(2)和公式(1)相比，M表示window_size，那么有
Ω
(
W
−
M
S
A
)
=
h
M
×
w
M
×
(
4
M
2
C
2
+
2
(
M
2
)
2
C
)
\Omega(W-MSA)=\frac{h}{M}\times\frac{w}{M}\times(4M^2C^2+2(M^2)^2C)
Ω(W−MSA)=Mh×Mw×(4M2C2+2(M2)2C)
对于维度为224 * 224的图片，patch_size=4，window_size=7，h=56， w=56，可以带入公式(1)和公式(2)算一下复杂度，主要是hw被缩到了 M 2 M^2 M2
下面是multi-head attention的一个典型实现：
import torch.nn as nn
import torch
from torch import Tensor
import math
class MyMultiheadAttention(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, embed_dim, num_heads):
super(MyMultiheadAttention, self).__init__()
self.embed_dim = embed_dim
self.num_heads = num_heads
self.W_Q = nn.Linear(embed_dim,embed_dim)
self.W_K = nn.Linear(embed_dim,embed_dim)
self.W_V = nn.Linear(embed_dim,embed_dim)
self.fc = nn.Linear(embed_dim,embed_dim)
self.ln = nn.LayerNorm(embed_dim)
def scaled_dot_product_attention(self, q:Tensor, k:Tensor, v:Tensor):
B, Nt, E = q.shape
q = q / math.sqrt(E)
# (B, Nt, E) x (B, E, Ns) -> (B, Nt, Ns)
attn = torch.bmm(q, k.transpose(-2, -1))
attn = attn.softmax(dim=-1)
# (B, Nt, Ns) x (B, Ns, E) -> (B, Nt, E)
output = torch.bmm(attn, v)
return output,attn
def forward(self, query:Tensor, key:Tensor, value:Tensor):
# assert query, key, value have the same shape
# query shape: tgt_len, bsz, input_embedding
tgt_len, bsz, embed_dim = query.shape
head_dim = embed_dim // self.num_heads
q = self.W_Q(query).reshape(tgt_len, bsz * num_heads, head_dim).transpose(0, 1)
k = self.W_K(key).reshape(tgt_len, bsz * num_heads, head_dim).transpose(0, 1)
v = self.W_V(value).reshape(tgt_len, bsz * num_heads, head_dim).transpose(0, 1)
self_output,attn = self.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v)
# self_output: bsz * num_heads, tgt_len, head_dim
# attn: bsz * num_heads, tgt_len, src_len
output = self.fc(self_output.transpose(0, 1).reshape(tgt_len, bsz, -1))
# hugging face版把fc放到BertSelfOutput里去了
return self.ln(output+query),attn
embed_dim,num_heads=100,5
seq_len,bsz = 2,3
multihead_attn = nn.MultiheadAttention(embed_dim, num_heads)
query = torch.ones(seq_len, bsz, embed_dim)
key = torch.ones(seq_len, bsz, embed_dim)
value = torch.ones(seq_len, bsz, embed_dim)
attn_output, attn_output_weights = multihead_attn(query, key, value)
print('attn_output={}'.format(attn_output.shape))
print('attn_output_weights={}'.format(attn_output_weights.shape))
print('--------------')
my_multihead_attn = MyMultiheadAttention(embed_dim, num_heads)
my_attn_output, my_attn_output_weights = my_multihead_attn(query, key, value)
print('my_attn_output={}'.format(attn_output.shape))
print('my_attn_output_weights={}'.format(attn_output_weights.shape))
'''
输出如下：
attn_output=torch.Size([2, 3, 100])
attn_output_weights=torch.Size([3, 2, 2])
--------------
my_attn_output=torch.Size([2, 3, 100])
my_attn_output_weights=torch.Size([3, 2, 2])
'''
下面摘录了实现window attention中的重要代码：
模型在计算window_attention之前，会对输入数据进行partition，进行并行计算，将
(
B
,
h
,
w
,
C
)
(B, h,w, C)
(B,h,w,C)维度的向量，转化为
(
B
∗
h
∗
w
M
∗
M
,
M
,
M
,
C
)
(B*\frac{h*w}{M*M}, M,M, C)
(B∗M∗Mh∗w,M,M,C)，其中
M
M
M表示window_size的大小。
def window_partition(x, window_size):
"""
Args:
x: (B, H, W, C)
window_size (int): window size
Returns:
windows: (num_windows*B, window_size, window_size, C)
"""
B, H, W, C = x.shape
x = x.view(B, H // window_size, window_size, W // window_size, window_size, C)
windows = x.permute(0, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5).contiguous().view(-1, window_size, window_size, C)
return windows
完成window_attention之后，会对数据进行reverse，将 ( B ∗ h ∗ w M ∗ M , M , M , C ) (B*\frac{h*w}{M*M}, M,M, C) (B∗M∗Mh∗w,M,M,C)维度的向量，转化为 ( B , h , w , C ) (B, h,w, C) (B,h,w,C)：
def window_reverse(windows, window_size, H, W):
"""
Args:
windows: (num_windows*B, window_size, window_size, C)
window_size (int): Window size
H (int): Height of image
W (int): Width of image
Returns:
x: (B, H, W, C)
"""
B = windows.shape[0] // (H * W // window_size // window_size)
x = windows.view(B, H // window_size, W // window_size, window_size, window_size, -1)
x = x.permute(0, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5).contiguous().view(B, H, W, -1)
return x
Window attention部分的计算跟传统的attention计算方式基本是一致的：
class WindowAttention(nn.Module):
r""" Window based multi-head self attention (W-MSA) module with relative position bias.
It supports both of shifted and non-shifted window.
"""
def __init__(self,
dim,
window_size,
num_heads,
qkv_bias=True,
qk_scale=None,
attn_drop=0.,
proj_drop=0.):
pass
def forward(self, x, mask=None):
"""
Args:
x: input features with shape of (num_windows*B, N, C)
mask: (0/-inf) mask with shape of (num_windows, Wh*Ww, Wh*Ww) or None
"""
B_, N, C = x.shape
qkv = self.qkv(x).reshape(B_, N, 3, self.num_heads, C // self.num_heads).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)
q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2] # make torchscript happy (cannot use tensor as tuple)
q = q * self.scale
attn = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1))
# attention bias相对位置编码
relative_position_bias = self.relative_position_bias_table[
self.relative_position_index.view(-1)].view(
self.window_size[0] * self.window_size[1],
self.window_size[0] * self.window_size[1],
-1) # Wh*Ww,Wh*Ww,nH
relative_position_bias = relative_position_bias.permute(
2, 0, 1).contiguous() # nH, Wh*Ww, Wh*Ww
attn = attn + relative_position_bias.unsqueeze(0)
if mask is not None:
nW = mask.shape[0]
attn = attn.view(B_ // nW, nW, self.num_heads, N, N) + mask.unsqueeze(1).unsqueeze(0)
attn = attn.view(-1, self.num_heads, N, N)
attn = self.softmax(attn)
else:
attn = self.softmax(attn)
attn = self.attn_drop(attn)
x = (attn @ v).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B_, N, C)
x = self.proj(x)
x = self.proj_drop(x)
return x
其中比较难理解的是"relative_position_index"的计算部分，这块拿出来单独分析。作者是采用了二维坐标来表示windows内各个token的相对位置，相对位置参数表参数量为 ( 2 M − 1 ) ∗ ( 2 M − 1 ) (2M-1)*(2M-1) (2M−1)∗(2M−1)
相对位置编码relative_position_index（比较绕）
#define a parameter table of relative position bias
self.relative_position_bias_table = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros((2 * window_size[0] - 1) * (2 * window_size[1] - 1), num_heads)) # 2*Wh-1 * 2*Ww-1, nH
# get pair-wise relative position index for each token inside the window
coords_h = torch.arange(self.window_size[0])
coords_w = torch.arange(self.window_size[1])
coords = torch.stack(torch.meshgrid([coords_h, coords_w])) # 2, Wh, Ww
coords_flatten = torch.flatten(coords, 1) # 2, Wh*Ww
relative_coords = coords_flatten[:, :, None] - coords_flatten[:, None, :] # 2, Wh*Ww, Wh*Ww
relative_coords = relative_coords.permute(1, 2, 0).contiguous() # Wh*Ww, Wh*Ww, 2
relative_coords[:, :, 0] += self.window_size[0] - 1 # shift to start from 0
relative_coords[:, :, 1] += self.window_size[1] - 1
relative_coords[:, :, 0] *= 2 * self.window_size[1] - 1
relative_position_index = relative_coords.sum(-1) # Wh*Ww, Wh*Ww
self.register_buffer("relative_position_index", relative_position_index)
首先QK计算出来的Attention张量形状为(numWindows×B, num_heads, window_size×window_size, window_size×window_size)，其中window_size×window_size刚好是序列长度，这不难理解。多头经常会被合并到batch里一起算，numWindows×B×num_heads最后被reshape成numWindows×B,num_heads
而对于Attention张量来说，以不同元素为原点，其他元素的坐标也是不同的，以window_size=2为例，其相对位置编码如下图所示
首先我们利用torch.arange和torch.meshgrid函数生成对应的坐标，这里我们以windowsize=2为例子
coords_h = torch.arange(self.window_size[0])
coords_w = torch.arange(self.window_size[1])
coords = torch.meshgrid([coords_h, coords_w]) # -> 2*(wh, ww)
"""
(tensor([[0, 0],
[1, 1]]),
tensor([[0, 1],
[0, 1]]))
"""
meshgrid输出是一个tuple，tuple中含有2个元素，对应位置的拼在一起就是图示结果：
然后堆叠起来，展开为一个二维向量
coords = torch.stack(coords) # 2, Wh, Ww
coords_flatten = torch.flatten(coords, 1) # 2, Wh*Ww
"""
tensor([[0, 0, 1, 1],
[0, 1, 0, 1]])
"""
利用广播机制，分别在第一维，第二维，插入一个维度，进行广播相减，得到 2, wh×ww, wh×ww的张量
relative_coords_first = coords_flatten[:, :, None] # 2, wh*ww, 1
relative_coords_second = coords_flatten[:, None, :] # 2, 1, wh*ww
relative_coords = relative_coords_first - relative_coords_second # 最终得到 2, wh*ww, wh*ww 形状的张量
因为采取的是相减，所以得到的索引是从负数开始的，我们加上偏移量，让其从0开始。
relative_coords = relative_coords.permute(1, 2, 0).contiguous() # Wh*Ww, Wh*Ww, 2
relative_coords[:, :, 0] += self.window_size[0] - 1
relative_coords[:, :, 1] += self.window_size[1] - 1
后续我们需要将其展开成一维偏移量。而对于(1，2）和（2，1）这两个坐标。在二维上是不同的，但是通过将x,y坐标相加转换为一维偏移的时候，他的偏移量是相等的。
所以最后我们对其中做了个乘法操作，以进行区分
relative_coords[:, :, 0] *= 2 * self.window_size[1] - 1
然后再最后一维上进行求和，展开成一个一维坐标，并注册为一个不参与网络学习的变量
relative_position_index = relative_coords.sum(-1) # Wh*Ww, Wh*Ww
self.register_buffer("relative_position_index", relative_position_index)
Shifted Window Attention
前面的Window Attention是在每个窗口下计算注意力的，为了更好的和其他window进行信息交互，Swin Transformer还引入了shifted window操作。每次shifted window操作都是一样的，按照window size的一半，向右下方移动。
移动之后，MSA要计算9个，为了节省计算量，进行了拼接。拼接之后计算量变为4。
特征图移位操作
代码里对特征图移位是通过torch.roll来实现的，下面是示意图
Attention Mask
我认为这是Swin Transformer的精华，通过设置合理的mask模版，让Shifted Window Attention在与Window Attention相同的窗口个数下，达到等价的计算结果。这部分Yi Zhu老师视频讲的比较清楚：
代码实现：
if self.shift_size > 0:
# calculate attention mask for SW-MSA
H, W = self.input_resolution
img_mask = torch.zeros((1, H, W, 1)) # 1 H W 1
h_slices = (slice(0, -self.window_size),
slice(-self.window_size, -self.shift_size),
slice(-self.shift_size, None))
w_slices = (slice(0, -self.window_size),
slice(-self.window_size, -self.shift_size),
slice(-self.shift_size, None))
cnt = 0
for h in h_slices:
for w in w_slices:
img_mask[:, h, w, :] = cnt
cnt += 1
mask_windows = window_partition(img_mask, self.window_size) # nW, window_size, window_size, 1
mask_windows = mask_windows.view(-1, self.window_size * self.window_size)
attn_mask = mask_windows.unsqueeze(1) - mask_windows.unsqueeze(2)
attn_mask = attn_mask.masked_fill(attn_mask != 0, float(-100.0)).masked_fill(attn_mask == 0, float(0.0))
'''
以上图的设置，我们用这段代码会得到这样的一个mask
tensor([[[[[ 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 0., 0., 0.]]],
[[[ 0., -100., 0., -100.],
[-100., 0., -100., 0.],
[ 0., -100., 0., -100.],
[-100., 0., -100., 0.]]],
[[[ 0., 0., -100., -100.],
[ 0., 0., -100., -100.],
[-100., -100., 0., 0.],
[-100., -100., 0., 0.]]],
[[[ 0., -100., -100., -100.],
[-100., 0., -100., -100.],
[-100., -100., 0., -100.],
[-100., -100., -100., 0.]]]]])
'''
在之前的window attention模块的前向代码里，包含这么一段
if mask is not None:
nW = mask.shape[0]
attn = attn.view(B_ // nW, nW, self.num_heads, N, N) + mask.unsqueeze(1).unsqueeze(0)
attn = attn.view(-1, self.num_heads, N, N)
attn = self.softmax(attn)
将mask加到attention的计算结果，并进行softmax。mask的值设置为-100，softmax后就会忽略掉对应的值
SwinTransformerBlock
Swin-B: C = 128, layer numbers ={2; 2; 18; 2}
除去最后一层stage外，其他每个stage中都是先进行W-MSA，然后进行SW-MSA。
两个连续的Block架构如上图所示，需要注意的是一个Stage包含的Block个数必须是偶数，因为需要交替包含一个含有Window Attention的Layer和含有Shifted Window Attention的Layer。
我们看下Block的前向代码
def forward(self, x):
H, W = self.input_resolution
B, L, C = x.shape
assert L == H * W, "input feature has wrong size"
shortcut = x
x = self.norm1(x)
x = x.view(B, H, W, C)
# cyclic shift
if self.shift_size > 0:
shifted_x = torch.roll(x, shifts=(-self.shift_size, -self.shift_size), dims=(1, 2))
else:
shifted_x = x
# partition windows
x_windows = window_partition(shifted_x, self.window_size) # nW*B, window_size, window_size, C
x_windows = x_windows.view(-1, self.window_size * self.window_size, C) # nW*B, window_size*window_size, C
# W-MSA/SW-MSA
attn_windows = self.attn(x_windows, mask=self.attn_mask) # nW*B, window_size*window_size, C
# merge windows
attn_windows = attn_windows.view(-1, self.window_size, self.window_size, C)
shifted_x = window_reverse(attn_windows, self.window_size, H, W) # B H' W' C
# reverse cyclic shift
if self.shift_size > 0:
x = torch.roll(shifted_x, shifts=(self.shift_size, self.shift_size), dims=(1, 2))
else:
x = shifted_x
x = x.view(B, H * W, C)
# FFN
x = shortcut + self.drop_path(x)
x = x + self.drop_path(self.mlp(self.norm2(x)))
return x
本文感谢并进行了部分转载：
- SwinTransformer的paper：https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.14030.pdf
- Vit的paper：https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.11929.pdf
- https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/367111046
- 【Swin Transformer论文精读【论文精读】】https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV13L4y1475U?vd_source=e260233b721e72ff23328d5f4188b304
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