内容来自OpenCV-Python Tutorials 自己翻译整理
目标:
学习自适应阈值控制,Otsu阈值,等等
学习函数 cv2.threshold, cv2.adaptiveThreshold等等
简单阈值:
原理很直接,如果像素值大于一个阈值,那么久将它赋值一个数,否则赋值成另外一个数。函数使用cv2.threshold
第一参数是原图像,而且这个图像应该是一个灰度图像。第二个参数用来区分像素的阈值。第三个参数是像素值大于阈值时的上限。opencv提供了不同样式的阈值并且由第四个参数决定。类型如下
cv2.THRESH_BINARY
cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV
cv2.THRESH_TRUNC
cv2.THRESH_TOZERO
cv2.THRESH_TOZERO_INV
参数见名知意
有两个输出结果,第一个是retval,后面解释。第二个数阈值处理后的图片。
import cv2
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
img = cv2.imread('4.jpg',0)
ret,thresh1 = cv2.threshold(img,127,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
ret,thresh2 = cv2.threshold(img,127,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV)
ret,thresh3 = cv2.threshold(img,127,255,cv2.THRESH_TRUNC)
ret,thresh4 = cv2.threshold(img,127,255,cv2.THRESH_TOZERO)
ret,thresh5 = cv2.threshold(img,127,255,cv2.THRESH_TOZERO_INV)
titles = ['Original Image','BINARY','BINARY_INV','TRUNC','TOZERO','TOZERO_INV']
images = [img, thresh1, thresh2, thresh3, thresh4, thresh5]
for i in range(6):
plt.subplot(2,3,i+1),plt.imshow(images[i],'gray')
plt.title(titles[i])
plt.xticks([]),plt.yticks([])
plt.show()
自适应阈值
前面部分使用了全局值作为阈值。在图片光照条件不同的情况下可能效果不好。现在选用自适应阈值,该算法计算图片一小部分区域的阈值。所以可以获得相同图片不同区域的阈值,并且能提供给用户在变化光照情况系下更好的结果。
有三个特别的输入参数,只有一个输出。
第一个参数:自适应方法 决定阈值如何被计算。
- cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_MEAN_C 阈值取邻近区域的平均值
- cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C 阈值取带权邻近区域值的和,并且权值是高斯窗口
第二个参数:区域大小
邻近区域的大小
第三个参数:在计算均值和带权均值时减去的常量。
下面例子是对比全局阈值和自适应阈值在不同光照情况的效果
import cv2
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
img = cv2.imread('6.jpg',0)
img = cv2.medianBlur(img,5)
ret,th1 = cv2.threshold(img,127,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
th2 = cv2.adaptiveThreshold(img,255,cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_MEAN_C,\
cv2.THRESH_BINARY,11,2)
th3 = cv2.adaptiveThreshold(img,255,cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C,\
cv2.THRESH_BINARY,11,2)
titles = ['Original Image', 'Global Thresholding (v = 127)',
'Adaptive Mean Thresholding', 'Adaptive Gaussian Thresholding']
images = [img, th1, th2, th3]
for i in range(4):
plt.subplot(2,2,i+1),plt.imshow(images[i],'gray')
plt.title(titles[i])
plt.xticks([]),plt.yticks([])
plt.show()
Otsu二值化
上面说的retval参数可以在Otsu时用到
在全局变量的阈值当中,使用一个比较模糊的值,那么怎么才能知道选择的值是好是坏?答案是实验和尝试法。考虑一个双峰的图像(就是图像的直方图有两个峰值)。对于图像,我们可以大约的取到一个在两个峰值之间的值作为阈值。这就是Otsu二值化的方法。所以,这种方法自动的在双峰图像的图像直方图中计算一个阈值。(如果不是双峰图像,二值化效果不准(废话~))
在cv2.threshold()函数当中传入cv2.THRESH_OTSU即可。对于阈值参数,传入0即可。算法会自动寻找最优的阈值并且返回值是retVal。如果Otsu的阈值方法没有使用,retVal和普通的阈值一样。
下面的是一个有噪声的图片,首先使用全局阈值127,在第二个例子当中是用Otsu阈值,在第三个例子当中,使用5*5的高斯滤波去除噪声,然后再用Otsu
(原代码是python2 我的编译环境是python3)
import cv2
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
img = cv2.imread('6.jpg',0)
# global thresholding
ret1,th1 = cv2.threshold(img,127,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY)
# Otsu's thresholding
ret2,th2 = cv2.threshold(img,0,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY+cv2.THRESH_OTSU)
# Otsu's thresholding after Gaussian filtering
blur = cv2.GaussianBlur(img,(5,5),0)
ret3,th3 = cv2.threshold(blur,0,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY+cv2.THRESH_OTSU)
# plot all the images and their histograms
images = [img, 0, th1,
img, 0, th2,
blur, 0, th3]
titles = ['Original Noisy Image','Histogram','Global Thresholding (v=127)',
'Original Noisy Image','Histogram',"Otsu's Thresholding",
'Gaussian filtered Image','Histogram',"Otsu's Thresholding"]
for i in range(3):
plt.subplot(3,3,i*3+1),plt.imshow(images[i*3],'gray')
plt.title(titles[i*3]), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
plt.subplot(3,3,i*3+2),plt.hist(images[i*3].ravel(),256)
plt.title(titles[i*3+1]), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
plt.subplot(3,3,i*3+3),plt.imshow(images[i*3+2],'gray')
plt.title(titles[i*3+2]), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
plt.show()
Otsu二值化是如何工作的?
Otsu算法找一个阈值,这个阈值使加权内方差最小
(公式没解释,没看懂-_-)
公式实现
import cv2
import numpy as np
img = cv2.imread('6.jpg',0)
blur = cv2.GaussianBlur(img,(5,5),0)
# find normalized_histogram, and its cumulative distribution function
hist = cv2.calcHist([blur],[0],None,[256],[0,256])
hist_norm = hist.ravel()/hist.max()
Q = hist_norm.cumsum()
bins = np.arange(256)
fn_min = np.inf
thresh = -1
for i in range(1,256):
p1,p2 = np.hsplit(hist_norm,[i]) # probabilities
q1,q2 = Q[i],Q[255]-Q[i] # cum sum of classes
b1,b2 = np.hsplit(bins,[i]) # weights
# finding means and variances
m1,m2 = np.sum(p1*b1)/q1, np.sum(p2*b2)/q2
v1,v2 = np.sum(((b1-m1)**2)*p1)/q1,np.sum(((b2-m2)**2)*p2)/q2
# calculates the minimization function
fn = v1*q1 + v2*q2
if fn < fn_min:
fn_min = fn
thresh = i
# find otsu's threshold value with OpenCV function
ret, otsu = cv2.threshold(blur,0,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY+cv2.THRESH_OTSU)
print(thresh)
print(ret)