0. 定义
递推公式如下:
a
n
+
1
=
p
⋅
a
n
+
h
(0-1)
a_{n+1}=p\cdot a_n+h\tag{0-1}
an+1=p⋅an+h(0-1)
其中n是正整数;
当
p
≠
0
,
h
=
0
p\neq 0, h=0
p=0,h=0时,
{
a
n
}
\{a_n\}
{an}是等比数列
当
p
=
1
p=1
p=1时,
{
a
n
}
\{a_n\}
{an}是等差数列;
特别地,当
p
=
1
,
h
=
0
p=1,h=0
p=1,h=0时,
{
a
n
}
\{a_n\}
{an}是常数列;
当
p
≠
0
o
r
1
,
h
≠
0
p\neq 0\ or\ 1, h\neq 0
p=0 or 1,h=0时,就不是平凡情况, 下面我们重点讲解。
1. p是常数,h是常数
1.1. 待定系数法
我们希望构造出一个等比数列
a
n
+
1
+
k
a_{n+1}+k
an+1+k。
(
0
−
1
)
(0-1)
(0−1)两边同时加上k(待定系数):
a
n
+
1
+
k
=
p
⋅
a
n
+
h
+
k
=
p
(
a
n
+
h
+
k
p
)
(1-1)
a_{n+1}+k=p\cdot a_n+h+k=p(a_n+\frac{h+k}{p}) \tag{1-1}
an+1+k=p⋅an+h+k=p(an+ph+k)(1-1)
为了满足等比数列的定义,应该有
k
=
h
+
k
p
k=\frac{h+k}{p}
k=ph+k,解得
k
=
h
p
−
1
k=\frac{h}{p-1}
k=p−1h
因此
a
n
+
1
+
h
p
−
1
=
p
n
⋅
(
a
1
+
h
p
−
1
)
(1-2)
a_{n+1}+\frac{h}{p-1}=p^n\cdot (a_1+\frac{h}{p-1}) \tag{1-2}
an+1+p−1h=pn⋅(a1+p−1h)(1-2)
则
{
a
n
}
\{a_n\}
{an}的通项为:
a
n
=
(
a
1
+
h
p
−
1
)
p
n
−
1
−
h
p
−
1
(1-3)
\begin{align*} a_n&=(a_1+\frac{h}{p-1})p^{n-1}-\frac{h}{p-1}\\ \end{align*}\tag{1-3}
an=(a1+p−1h)pn−1−p−1h(1-3)
1.2. 逐项展开法
a n = p ⋅ a n − 1 + h = p ( p a n − 2 + h ) + h = p 2 a n − 2 + p h + h = p n − 1 a 1 + p n − 2 h + ⋯ + p h + h = p n − 1 a 1 + h ( 1 − p n − 1 1 − p ) = p n − 1 ( a 1 + h p − 1 ) − h p − 1 (1-4) \begin{align*} a_{n}&=p\cdot a_{n-1}+h\\ &=p(pa_{n-2}+h)+h\\ &=p^2a_{n-2}+ph+h\\ &=p^{n-1}a_1+p^{n-2}h+\cdots+ph+h\\ &=p^{n-1}a_1+h(\frac{1-p^{n-1}}{1-p})\\ &=p^{n-1}(a_1+\frac{h}{p-1})-\frac{h}{p-1}\\ \end{align*}\tag{1-4} an=p⋅an−1+h=p(pan−2+h)+h=p2an−2+ph+h=pn−1a1+pn−2h+⋯+ph+h=pn−1a1+h(1−p1−pn−1)=pn−1(a1+p−1h)−p−1h(1-4)
2. p是常数,h是与n有关的变量
不妨写成如下递推式
a
n
+
1
=
p
⋅
a
n
+
h
⋅
q
n
(2-1)
a_{n+1}=p\cdot a_n+h\cdot q^n\tag{2-1}
an+1=p⋅an+h⋅qn(2-1)
其中q为常数。
上式两边同时除以
p
n
p^n
pn:
a
n
+
1
p
n
=
a
n
p
n
−
1
+
h
(
p
q
)
n
(2-2)
\frac{a_{n+1}}{p^n}=\frac{a_n}{p^{n-1}}+h(\frac{p}{q})^n\tag{2-2}
pnan+1=pn−1an+h(qp)n(2-2)
令
b
n
=
a
n
p
n
−
1
b_n=\frac{a_n}{p^{n-1}}
bn=pn−1an,则有
b
n
=
b
n
−
1
+
h
(
p
q
)
n
−
1
=
b
n
−
2
+
h
(
p
q
)
n
−
2
+
h
(
p
q
)
n
−
1
=
b
1
+
h
(
p
q
)
1
+
⋯
+
h
(
p
q
)
n
−
2
+
h
(
p
q
)
n
−
1
=
b
1
+
h
(
q
p
−
(
q
p
)
n
1
−
q
p
)
(2-3)
\begin{align*} b_n&=b_{n-1}+h(\frac{p}{q})^{n-1}\\ &=b_{n-2}+h(\frac{p}{q})^{n-2}+h(\frac{p}{q})^{n-1}\\ &=b_{1}+h(\frac{p}{q})^{1}+\cdots+h(\frac{p}{q})^{n-2}+h(\frac{p}{q})^{n-1}\\ &=b_1+h\left(\frac{\frac{q}{p}-(\frac{q}{p})^n}{1-\frac{q}{p}}\right)\\ \end{align*}\tag{2-3}
bn=bn−1+h(qp)n−1=bn−2+h(qp)n−2+h(qp)n−1=b1+h(qp)1+⋯+h(qp)n−2+h(qp)n−1=b1+h(1−pqpq−(pq)n)(2-3)
则
a
n
=
p
n
−
1
b
n
=
a
1
p
n
−
1
+
h
q
p
n
−
1
−
q
n
p
−
q
(2-4)
\begin{align*} a_n&=p^{n-1}b_n\\ &=a_1p^{n-1}+h\frac{qp^{n-1}-q^n}{p-q}\\ \end{align*}\tag{2-4}
an=pn−1bn=a1pn−1+hp−qqpn−1−qn(2-4)