【第四章 习题14】
令 I = [ 0 , 1 ] I = \lbrack 0,1\rbrack I=[0,1]是单位闭区间。设 f f f是把 I I I映入 I I I内的连续映射。证明至少有一个 x ∈ I x \in I x∈I,满足 f ( x ) = x f(x) = x f(x)=x
【证明】
考虑函数
g ( x ) = ( x , f ( x ) ) g(x) = \left( x,f(x) \right) g(x)=(x,f(x))
这显然是个连续函数。由于 I = [ 0 , 1 ] I = \lbrack 0,1\rbrack I=[0,1]是连通的,所以 g ( I ) g(I) g(I)也是连通的。设两个区域如下
A = { ( x , y ) | x ∈ I , y ∈ I , x ≥ y } A = \left\{ (x,y) \middle| x \in I,y \in I,x \geq y \right\} A={(x,y)∣x∈I,y∈I,x≥y}
B = { ( x , y ) ∣ x ∈ I , y ∈ I , x < y } B = \{(x,y)|x \in I,y \in I,x < y\} B={(x,y)∣x∈I,y∈I,x<y}
那么 A 、 B A、B A、B满足
B ‾ = { ( x , y ) | x ∈ I , y ∈ I , x ≤ y } \overline{B} = \left\{ (x,y) \middle| x \in I,y \in I,x \leq y \right\} B={(x,y)∣x∈I,y∈I,x≤y}
A ∩ B ‾ = { ( x , y ) | x ∈ I , y ∈ I , x = y } A \cap \overline{B} = \left\{ (x,y) \middle| x \in I,y \in I,x = y \right\} A∩B={(x,y)∣x∈I,y∈I,x=y}
A ‾ ∩ B = A ∩ B = ∅ \overline{A} \cap B = A \cap B = \varnothing A∩B=A∩B=∅
若 f ( 0 ) = 0 f(0) = 0 f(0)=0时,满足 f ( x ) = x f(x) = x f(x)=x,
若 f ( 0 ) ≠ 0 f(0) \neq 0 f(0)=0时
A ∩ g ( I ) ≠ ∅ A \cap g(I) \neq \varnothing A∩g(I)=∅
B ∩ g ( I ) ≠ ∅ B \cap g(I) \neq \varnothing B∩g(I)=∅
由于 g ( I ) g(I) g(I)是连通且是闭集的,并且
( A ∩ g ( I ) ) ∪ ( B ∩ g ( I ) ) = g ( I ) \left( A \cap g(I) \right) \cup \left( B \cap g(I) \right) = g(I) (A∩g(I))∪(B∩g(I))=g(I)
( A ∩ g ( I ) ‾ ) ∩ ( B ∩ g ( I ) ) = A ‾ ∩ B ∩ g ( I ) = ∅ \left( \overline{A \cap g(I)} \right) \cap \left( B \cap g(I) \right) = \overline{A} \cap B \cap g(I) = \varnothing (A∩g(I))∩(B∩g(I))=A∩B∩g(I)=∅
所以根据连通性的定理,有
( A ∩ g ( I ) ) ∩ ( B ∩ g ( I ) ‾ ) = A ∩ B ‾ ∩ g ( I ) ≠ ∅ \left( A \cap g(I) \right) \cap \left( \overline{B \cap g(I)} \right) = A \cap \overline{B} \cap g(I) \neq \varnothing (A∩g(I))∩(B∩g(I))=A∩B∩g(I)=∅
由于 A ∩ B ‾ A \cap \overline{B} A∩B中的 ( x , y ) (x,y) (x,y)满足 x = y x = y x=y,所以存在至少一个 x ∈ I x \in I x∈I,满足 f ( x ) = x f(x) = x f(x)=x。