孔德科学分类

注： 机翻，未校。

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奥古斯特・孔德（Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte，1798 年 1 月 19 日 —1857 年 9 月 5 日），法国著名的哲学家、社会学和实证主义的创始人。开创了社会学这一学科，被尊称为 “社会学之父”。他创立的实证主义学说是西方哲学由近代转入现代的重要标志之一。

Classification of Sciences Before Comte 孔德之前的科学分类

Comte did not come up with the idea of “classifying the sciences.” It was around before Comte. Philosophers have made attempts to categorize knowledge from the beginning of time. The first Greek thinkers tried to put everything they knew into three categories: (1) physics, (2) ethics, and (3) politics.
孔德并不是“分类科学”这一思想的创立者。在孔德之前，这一理念就已经存在。哲学家们从古至今一直在尝试对知识进行分类。最早的希腊思想家试图将他们所知道的一切分为三个类别：（1）物理， （2）伦理， （3）政治。

Later on, Francis Bacon established the categorization based on the powers that are unique to humans, which he referred to as (i) memory, (ii) imagination, and (iii) reason, respectively. History is a science-based on memory, poetry is a science based on imagination, and physics, chemistry, and other sciences are based on reason.
后来，弗朗西斯·培根 （Francis Bacon） 根据人类独有的能力建立了分类，他将其分别称为 （i） 记忆、（ii） 想象力和 （iii） 推理。历史是一门基于记忆的科学，诗歌是一门基于想象力的科学，物理学、化学和其他科学都是基于理性的。

Hierarchy of the sciences 科学的层次结构

In 1854, the French philosopher Auguste Comte wrote System of Positive Polity: or Treatise of Sociology. In it, he gave the following “hierarchy of the sciences,” which says that all the other sciences depend on astronomy at their core. Based on this classification, Comte is also the founder of the modern philosophy of science. However, Comte’s classification is not meant to bring back an imaginary unity but to keep knowledge from getting divided.
1854 年，法国哲学家奥古斯特·孔德 （Auguste Comte） 撰写了《积极政体体系：或社会学论文》。在书中，他给出了以下“科学层次结构”，即所有其他科学的核心都依赖于天文学。基于这种分类，孔德也是现代科学哲学的创始人。然而，孔德的分类并不是为了恢复想象中的统一，而是为了防止知识分裂。

The relationship among the hierarchy of the sciences and the Law of Three Stages is close. Comte argued that, like individuals & societies, sciences undergo comparable stages of development, namely the theological, the metaphysical, and the positive.
科学的层次结构和三阶段法则之间的关系很密切。孔德认为，就像个人和社会一样，科学经历了类似的发展阶段，即神学、形而上学和积极性。

In the same way that human growth can only occur in predetermined phases, with each succeeding stage building on the achievements of the previous level, scientific knowledge also develops in stages. But various sciences progress at different rates.
就像人类的成长只能发生在预定的阶段一样，每个后续阶段都建立在前一阶段的成就之上，科学知识也是分阶段发展的。但各种科学的进步速度不同。

The hierarchical order of the sciences, according to Comte, corresponded with the following:
根据孔德的说法，科学的等级顺序对应于以下内容：

1. The sequential order of their historical origin and growth.
   它们的历史起源和增长的顺序。
2. The order of their dependency on one another. Each depends on the one that comes before it and paves the way for the one that comes after it.
   他们彼此依赖的顺序。 每个都取决于它之前的那个，并为它之后的那个铺平了道路。
3. The rising complexities of their subject area.
   他们学科领域日益复杂。
4. The diminishing degree of their generality.
   它们的普遍性的减弱程度。

The Order of the Classification of Sciences

科学分类的顺序

Mathematics constitutes the lowest rung in the Comtean hierarchy of the sciences, while sociology occupies the highest. This classification’s hierarchy is as follows: The order is (A) Mathematics, (B) Astronomy, © Physics, (D) Chemistry, (E) Biology, and (F) Sociology. This categorization makes it apparent that the simplest and least reliant sciences are at the lowest ladder of the hierarchy, while the highest complicated and dependent sciences are at the top.
数学构成了孔德科学等级制度中的最低等级，而社会学占据了最高等级。此分类的层次结构如下：顺序为 （A） 数学、（B） 天文学、（C） 物理、（D） 化学、（E） 生物学和 （F） 社会学。 这种分类清楚地表明，最简单和最不依赖的科学位于层次结构的最低阶梯，而最高复杂和依赖的科学位于顶部。

Sociology, according to Comte, is the “crowning superstructure” of the scientific hierarchy. He did not imply that it is superior to other disciplines; instead, he meant that it helps to place the other sciences in context within the intellectual history of humankind. In defining the hierarchy of the sciences, Comte also identified the distinct methodological qualities of each discipline.
根据孔德的说法，社会学是科学等级制度的“最高上层建筑”。他并没有暗示它优于其他学科;相反，他的意思是，将其他科学置于人类思想史的背景中是有帮助的。在定义科学的层次结构时，孔德还确定了每个学科不同的方法论品质。

Mathematics 数学

The usual description of mathematics as the science of magnitudes or, slightly more favorably, the science that pertains to the measurement of magnitudes needs to be more transparent and meaningful to have been employed in the absence of a better term. Thus, when people describe mathematics as the measuring of magnitudes, people provide an extremely imprecise definition that seems to have no connection to any science whatsoever. Therefore, mathematics is primarily divided into two disciplines: abstract mathematics and concrete mathematics. The concrete must rely on the nature of the investigated things and must change when new phenomena emerge. At the same time, the abstract is entirely independent of the nature of the items and is solely concerned with their numerical relationships.
通常将数学描述为量级科学，或者稍微更有利地描述与量级测量有关的科学，需要更加透明和有意义，才能在没有更好的术语的情况下被使用。因此，当人们将数学描述为量级时，人们提供了一个极其不精确的定义，似乎与任何科学都没有任何关系。因此，数学主要分为抽象数学和具体数学两门学科。具体必须依赖于所研究事物的性质，并且必须在新现象出现时发生变化。同时，抽象完全独立于项目的性质，只关心它们的数字关系。

Astronomy 天文学

Astronomy may be described as the study of celestial bodies’ geometrical and mechanical properties. To find these principles, scientists must rely only on their sight and their ability to reason; in this science, thinking is more important than observation.
天文学可以被描述为研究天体的几何和机械特性。要找到这些原则，科学家必须只依靠他们的视力和推理能力;在这门科学中，思考比观察更重要。

The sight alone could never reveal the shape of the earth or the trajectory of a planet; astronomical rules can only be discovered via the measurement of angles and calculation of times. By observing these immutable principles, man is liberated from enslavement to religious and philosophical notions of the cosmos.
仅凭景象永远无法揭示地球的形状或行星的轨迹;天文规则只能通过测量角度和计算时间来发现。通过遵守这些不变的原则，人类从宗教和哲学宇宙观念的奴役中解放出来。

Physics 物理

Physics may be described briefly as the study of the principles that govern the general qualities of substances seen en masse, with their molecules unmodified and often in an aggregation state. Physicists observe using all of their senses, with the assistance of mathematical analysis and experiment. In astronomical phenomena, human involvement was impossible. In physics phenomena, people start to alter natural phenomena. The subfields of physics include statics, dynamics, thermology, optics, and electrology. Still, physics is hampered by philosophical ideas of the fundamental processes of events.
物理学可以简单地描述为对支配集体所见物质的一般品质的原理的研究，这些物质的分子未经修饰，通常处于聚集状态。物理学家在数学分析和实验的帮助下，用他们所有的感官进行观察。在天文现象中，人类的参与是不可能的。在物理现象中，人们开始改变自然现象。物理学的子领域包括静力学、动力学、热学、光学和电学。尽管如此，物理学仍受到事件基本过程的哲学思想的阻碍。

Chemistry 化学

Chemistry is the study of the rules governing the processes of composition and decomposition that emerge from the molecular and specific interaction of various natural and manufactured substances. In chemistry observations, the use of the senses and experimentation is still predominant. Yet, even in chemistry, metaphysical ideas persist.
化学是一门研究控制各种天然和人造物质的分子和特异性相互作用产生的组成和分解过程的规则的学科。在化学观察中，感官和实验的使用仍然占主导地位。然而，即使在化学中，形而上学的思想仍然存在。

Biology 生物学

In Biology, the physiology of animals and plants is examined. The study of the rules of organic dynamics in connection with structure and environment is physiology. A particular organism must continuously operate in a specific manner when placed in a specific domain; physiology explores the reciprocal relationships between organism, environment, and function.
在生物学中，研究动植物的生理学。研究与结构和环境相关的有机动力学规则是生理学。当放置在特定域中时，特定生物体必须以特定方式持续运行;生理学探索生物体、环境和功能之间的相互关系。

In physiology, experimentation and observation are of the utmost importance, and equipment of various types is employed to facilitate both. Furthermore, all biological events are related to chemical compositions and decompositions; hence physiology and chemistry have the closest relationship.
在生理学中，实验和观察是最重要的，并且采用了各种类型的设备来促进这两者。此外，所有生物事件都与化学成分和分解有关;因此生理学和化学关系最密切。

Morals 道德

Morals is another field that Comte referred to as the study of individuals. It is a sociology-based study with elements of psychology and ethics.
道德是孔德所说的另一个领域，称为个人研究。这是一项基于社会学的研究，具有心理学和伦理学的元素。

The reason for hierarchy, according to Comte.
根据孔德的说法，等级制度的原因。

There can’t be a scientific study of society’s conditions or movements if it’s broken into components and its parts are studied separately. So in sociology, the only proper way to look at things is in the context of the whole system.
如果社会状况或运动被分解成多个组成部分，并且其部分被单独研究，那么就不可能对社会状况或运动进行科学研究。所以在社会学中，看待事物的唯一正确方式是在整个系统的背景下。

From this point of view, thinking about the order of the sciences means admitting right away that the systematic study of man is rationally and scientifically below that of humanity since only humanity can show us the fundamental rules of intelligence and action. Therefore, even though the theory of our emotional nature must be essential to study in the end, it would only make sense with this first step.
从这个角度来看，思考科学的秩序意味着立即承认对人的系统研究在理性和科学上低于人类，因为只有人类才能向我们展示智力和行动的基本规则。因此，即使我们的情感本质理论最终对于研究是必不可少的，但它只有在这第一步才有意义。

So, Morals are now objectively dependent on sociology. The next step is easy and similar as sociology is now objectively reliant on biology since human brains depend on bodies.
因此，道德现在客观地依赖于社会学。下一步很简单，因为社会学现在客观上依赖于生物学，因为人的大脑依赖于身体。

After these two steps, people start to think of chemistry as the regular basis of biology. This is because people agree that life depends on the general laws of how matter combines.
在这两个步骤之后，人们开始认为化学是生物学的常规基础。这是因为人们同意生命取决于物质如何结合的一般规律。

Again, chemistry is objectively less important than Physics because matter’s universal properties must always affect the specific properties of each substance.
同样，化学在客观上不如物理学重要，因为物质的普遍特性必须始终影响每种物质的特定特性。

In the same way, physics becomes less important than astronomy when people realize that the conditions on earth are always affected by the conditions on our planet, which is one of the heavenly bodies.
同样，当人们意识到地球上的条件总是受到我们星球（天体之一）的条件的影响时，物理学就变得不如天文学重要。

Lastly, Astronomy is subordinate to Mathematics because it is clear that the geometrical and mechanical things that happen in the heavens depend on the universal laws of number, length, and motion.
最后，天文学从属于数学，因为很明显，天上发生的几何和机械事物取决于数量、长度和运动的普遍定律。

By their very nature, astronomy and biology are the two most essential parts of natural philosophy. They make up the whole system of human’s most fundamental ideas in their logical harmony because they complete each other.
就其本质而言，天文学和生物学是自然哲学中最重要的两个部分。它们在逻辑和谐中构成了人类最基本思想的整个系统，因为它们彼此相辅相成。

Sociology has unique ways of doing things that make it different from the fields that came before it, but it also depends on them. It depends a lot on biology, which is the science right next to it in the hierarchy. Biology is different from all the other natural sciences because it looks at things as a whole. Biology differs from physics and chemistry because it looks at whole organisms instead of their parts. Sociology and biology are both based on the idea that things work together as a whole.
社会学有独特的做事方式，使其与之前的领域不同，但它也取决于它们。这在很大程度上取决于生物学，而生物学是层次结构中紧挨着它的科学。生物学与所有其他自然科学不同，因为它将事物视为一个整体。生物学与物理学和化学不同，因为它着眼于整个有机体而不是它们的各个部分。社会学和生物学都基于事物作为一个整体协同工作的思想。

Math is the first step in classifying the sciences.
数学是科学分类的第一步。

Comte thinks that mathematics is the mind’s most essential tool. “With math as its primary tool, a person’s mind can think about anything. Moreover, math is the mind’s most powerful tool for understanding natural laws: Education based on any other method is wrong, inaccurate, and unreliable. We can only understand the sciences if people know math.
孔德认为数学是大脑最重要的工具。“以数学为主要工具，一个人的大脑可以思考任何事情。此外，数学是大脑理解自然法则的最强大工具：基于任何其他方法的教育都是错误的、不准确的和不可靠的。只有人们懂数学，我们才能理解科学。

Comte thought that mathematics was the most important of all the sciences. In the Comtean system, mathematics is not a part of the group of sciences. It is where they all start. It is the oldest and best science. Math is what he calls “the science.” It is the science of figuring out how things and ideas relate.
孔德认为数学是所有科学中最重要的。在 Comtean 体系中，数学不属于科学组的一部分。这是他们所有人开始的地方。它是最古老、最好的科学。数学就是他所说的“科学”。它是一门弄清楚事物和想法如何关联的科学。

Classification Based on Increasing Dependence
基于递增依赖性的分类

Comte decided to organize knowledge by “the order of increasing dependence.” Comte “organized the sciences so that each category can be based on the main laws of the category before it and serve as a foundation for the category that comes after it.” So, the order is one of getting more complicated and less general.
孔德决定按照 “日益依赖的顺序” 来组织知识。孔德“组织了科学，以便每个类别都可以基于前一类别的主要规律，并作为后一类别的基础。所以，顺序是变得越来越复杂，不那么笼统。

This idea could be put in simple terms like this: the facts in different sciences have different levels of complexity. Some facts are easy to comprehend, while others are not. The idea that complicated things depend on simple things is general and can be found everywhere.
这个想法可以用简单的术语来表达：不同科学中的事实具有不同的复杂程度。有些事实很容易理解，而另一些则不然。复杂事物依赖于简单事物的想法是普遍的，随处可见。

The complex sciences depend on the simple sciences, and the simple sciences depend on the complex sciences. So, each science depends on some other science in some way, and each is the basis of another science. Based on this, Comte put the sciences in a specific order.
复杂的科学依赖于简单的科学，简单的科学依赖于复杂的科学。因此，每门科学都以某种方式依赖于其他一些科学，每门科学都是另一门科学的基础。基于此，孔德将科学按特定的顺序排列。

Comte thought that the more complicated sciences, as they grow and change, will eventually reach the positive stage. But, he said, “Any kind of knowledge gets to the positive stage quickly based on how general, simple, and independent it is of other departments.”
孔德认为，更复杂的科学，随着它们的发展和变化，最终会达到积极阶段。但是，他说，“任何类型的知识都会迅速进入积极阶段，这取决于其他部门的普遍性、简单性和独立性。

Each of these sciences depends on the progress of the ones that came before it in a way that follows the theory of increasing complexity and decreasing generality.
这些科学中的每一门都依赖于前一门科学的进步，其方式遵循的是增加复杂性和降低普遍性的理论。

Sociology at the top of hierarchical classification
处于等级分类顶端的社会学

Sociology was the most complex science to learn because it had to study the hardest thing to understand, which was society. Sociology also came about much later than the other sciences because of this. Most of the other subjects had easier things to study than sociology. Sociology came about because people noticed a new set of objective facts about their society, like social chaos, the growth of slums, poverty, etc., that they couldn’t explain but needed to understand to deal with them effectively.
社会学是一门最复杂的科学，因为它必须研究最难理解的东西，那就是社会。正因为如此，社会学也比其他科学晚得多。大多数其他学科比社会学更容易学习。社会学的出现是因为人们注意到了一系列关于他们社会的新客观事实，比如社会混乱、贫民窟的增长、贫困等，他们无法解释这些事实，但需要理解才能有效地处理它们。

When Auguste Comte called Sociology the “crowning edifice” of the hierarchy of sciences, he was referring to how science brings everything together. He wasn’t saying that sociology was better than other fields. He just thought that all sciences could be connected as positive knowledge grew.
当奥古斯特·孔德 （Auguste Comte） 将社会学称为科学等级制度的“皇冠大厦”时，他指的是科学如何将一切结合在一起。他并不是说社会学比其他领域更好。他只是认为，随着积极知识的增长，所有科学都可以连接起来。

Auguste Comte said that all scientific fields go through three stages: the theological, the metaphysical, and the positive. But each science doesn’t go through these three stages simultaneously. The higher up in the hierarchy a science is, the longer it takes to move from one stage to the next.
奥古斯特·孔德 （Auguste Comte） 说，所有科学领域都经历三个阶段：神学、形而上学和积极阶段。但每门科学不会同时经历这三个阶段。一门科学在层次结构中的位置越高，从一个阶段进入下一个阶段所需的时间就越长。

Sociology was a new field of study that uniquely looked at society. Sociology was about the way people live together. Society was a system with parts that worked together. Individuals could only be comprehended in the context of the societies in which they existed. Sociology studies how the different parts of a social system act and react. Sociology used to be the scientific study of how societies function and how they can be set up.
社会学是一个独特的研究社会的新领域。社会学是关于人们共同生活的方式。社会是一个由各个部分共同运作的系统。个人只能在他们所处的社会背景下被理解。社会学研究社会系统的不同部分如何行动和反应。社会学曾经是研究社会如何运作以及如何建立社会的科学研究。

Positive Philosophy by Comte can be seen as a long and complicated argument for the science of society. First, Comte was building a philosophical foundation and justification for all sciences. He then used this foundation to support sociology as a real science. His support for sociology came in two related ways: he saw sociology as the natural result of the “law of three stages,” and he saw sociology as the “queen science” at the top of a list of sciences.
孔德的《实证哲学》可以看作是社会科学的一个漫长而复杂的论点。首先，孔德为所有科学建立了哲学基础和理由。然后，他利用这个基础来支持社会学作为一门真正的科学。他对社会学的支持来自两个相关方面：他将社会学视为“三个阶段法则”的自然结果，他将社会学视为科学列表顶部的“女王科学”。

These two types of advocacy, which helped make sociology more accepted in the intellectual world, are connected and should be looked at briefly.
这两种类型的倡导有助于使社会学在知识界更被接受，它们是相互关联的，应该简要地看待。

So, in Comte’s view, astronomy was the first science to reach the scientific stage, followed by physics and chemistry. After these three sciences reached the scientific stage, Comte thought that people could start to think more scientifically about organic phenomena. Biology, or physiology, was the first organic science to move from the metaphysical to the positive stage. Once biology became a positivist doctrine, sociology could move away from the metaphysical speculations of the 17th and 18th centuries and toward a positivist way of thinking.
因此，在孔德看来，天文学是第一门进入科学阶段的科学，其次是物理学和化学。在这三门科学进入科学阶段后，孔德认为人们可以开始更科学地思考有机现象。生物学或生理学是第一门从形而上学走向实证阶段的有机科学。一旦生物学成为实证主义学说，社会学就可以从 17 世纪和 18 世纪的形而上学思辨转向实证主义的思维方式。

Comte said that sociology was the last to develop because it is the most complicated and had to wait for the other basic sciences to reach the positivistic stage. At the time, this argument was a brilliant way to make a case for a separate science of society. It also explained why social thought wasn’t as scientifically rigorous as other sciences.
孔德说，社会学是最后一个发展起来的，因为它是最复杂的，必须等待其他基础科学达到实证主义阶段。在当时，这个论点是为独立的社会科学提供理由的绝妙方式。它还解释了为什么社会思想在科学上不如其他科学严谨。

Also, sociology will study things that set it apart from the lower inorganic sciences and the higher organic sciences, like biology, even though it depends on and is a result of evolutionary progress in the other sciences. Sociology is an organic science, but it will be independent and study things that “show, to an even greater degree, the complexity, specialization, and personality that distinguish the higher phenomena of the individual life.”
此外，社会学将研究使其有别于低级无机科学和高等有机科学的事物，例如生物学，即使它依赖于其他科学的进化进步并成为其他科学进化进步的结果。社会学是一门有机科学，但它将是独立的，并研究“在更大程度上展示区分个人生活高级现象的复杂性、专业性和个性”的事物。

From most important to least important, the hierarchy is sociology, biology, chemistry, physics, and astronomy. Comte put math at the end because, in the end, all science is based on mathematical reasoning. It put sociology at the top of a list of the “positive sciences” and gave it the same level of respect as the other highly regarded sciences. If sociology could be seen as the end of a long change process and the end of the positive sciences, no one could question its validity.
从最重要到最不重要，层次结构是社会学、生物学、化学、物理学和天文学。孔德把数学放在最后，因为归根结底，所有的科学都是基于数学推理的。它将社会学置于“实证科学”名单的首位，并给予它与其他备受推崇的科学同等程度的尊重。如果社会学可以被视为漫长变革过程的结束和实证科学的结束，那么没有人会质疑它的有效性。

Sociology has two different roles. It’s not just another science like there’s a science of society, just like there’s a science of living things. But on the other hand, sociology is the latest science that comes after all the others. As the latest science, it must coordinate the growth of all knowledge.
社会学有两种不同的角色。这不仅仅是一门科学，就像有一门关于生物的科学一样。但另一方面，社会学是紧随所有其他科学之后的最新科学。作为最新的科学，它必须协调所有知识的增长。

With sociology, positivity finally gets its hands on the last area thought to be out of its reach forever. People used to believe that social phenomena were so complicated that they couldn’t be studied scientifically. On the other hand, Comte says that sociology removes this division, which the Greeks made, and brings back the unity lost when metaphysics came into being.
在社会学中，积极性终于触及了被认为永远遥不可及的最后一个领域。人们过去认为社会现象是如此复杂，以至于无法用科学来研究它们。另一方面，孔德说，社会学消除了希腊人造成的这种分裂，并恢复了形而上学出现时失去的统一性。

Comte’s idea of sociology was, of course, very different from what sociology is now. To ensure their field is positive, sociologists have quickly given up philosophy’s coordinating function, also called its encyclopedic or architectonic function. As a result, only one can become a sociologist with a solid, comprehensive education, which doesn’t include economics or social mathematics but instead puts a lot of focus on biology, which is the first science that looks at organized beings.
当然，孔德的社会学理念与现在的社会学截然不同。为了确保他们的领域是积极的，社会学家很快就放弃了哲学的协调功能，也称为其百科全书或建筑功能。因此，只有一个人可以成为受过扎实、全面教育的社会学家，其中不包括经济学或社会数学，而是非常关注生物学，这是第一门研究有组织生物的科学。

Inorganic and Organic Classification of Sciences 科学的无机和有机分类

All natural phenomena can be put into two categories: inorganic and organic.
所有自然现象都可以分为两类：无机和有机。

Inorganic 无机

The inorganic ones are more common. But, again, there are two kinds of inorganic things: astronomical and terrestrial.
无机物更常见。但是，同样，有两种无机物：天文和地球。

Astronomical events are the most common of all, and they are based on mathematics. The stars and planets have the least amount of different looks. Astronomy studies how the planets and other objects in the sky move, including the earth. It is the most general and simple science after mathematics, and individuals need to know it to understand anything on earth and how it fits in with the rest of the solar system.
天文事件是最常见的，它们以数学为基础。恒星和行星的不同外观最少。天文学研究行星和天空中的其他物体（包括地球）如何运动。它是仅次于数学的最普遍和最简单的科学，个人需要了解它才能理解地球上的任何东西以及它如何与太阳系的其他部分相适应。

There are two parts to terrestrial physics: physics and chemistry. Physics is about things like matter and energy, and chemistry is how things are made up. Physics is more general than chemistry because it is about masses instead of elements. Chemical events depend on the laws of physics, but they don’t change the laws of physics. The laws of weight, heat, and electricity govern how chemicals act. So, astronomy, physics, and then chemistry are the fields that study inorganic phenomena.
地球物理学分为两部分：物理学和化学。物理学是关于物质和能量等事物的，而化学是事物的构成方式。物理学比化学更普遍，因为它是关于质量而不是元素的。化学事件取决于物理定律，但它们不会改变物理定律。重量定律、热定律和电定律决定了化学品的作用方式。所以，天文学、物理学和化学是研究无机现象的领域。

Organic 有机

There are two kinds of organic phenomena: individual and group. The individual organic phenomena look at how all plant and animal forms work and how they are put together. It has to do with general biology or physiology. It is the study of all living things and the general rules that apply to each unit of life. Biology is based on Chemistry because Chemistry is the only place to find reliable information about nutrition or secretions. Biology owes physics information about how much things weigh, how hot they are, and other facts about living things. Astronomical factors help to shape some biological laws. All accurate work in the study of biology is mathematical in nature. So, biology, the science of living things, depends on all of the sciences that came before it, and sociology is the one that depends on the most.
有机现象有两种：个人和群体。单个有机现象着眼于所有植物和动物形式如何运作以及它们如何组合在一起。它与普通生物学或生理学有关。它是对所有生物的研究以及适用于每个生命单位的一般规则。生物学以化学为基础，因为化学是唯一可以找到有关营养或分泌物的可靠信息的地方。生物学需要物理学信息，了解物体的重量、温度以及有关生物的其他事实。天文因素有助于塑造一些生物定律。生物学研究中所有准确的工作本质上都是数学的。因此，生物学，即生物科学，依赖于它之前的所有科学，而社会学是最依赖的一门。

Sociology had to come last because it depended on all the other sciences that came before it. It is based on knowledge of biology, chemistry, physics, and astronomy, and its tool is mathematics. Comte said that individuals could only study a science well if individuals knew enough about the science it depends upon. Comte said that a sociology student should not only learn a lot about science in general but also study each science in its own right. Comte insisted that one general science could not move past a certain point until the science that came before it had moved past a certain point.
社会学必须排在最后，因为它依赖于之前的所有其他科学。它基于生物学、化学、物理学和天文学的知识，其工具是数学。孔德说，只有当个人对一门科学所依赖的科学有足够的了解时，个人才能很好地研究一门科学。孔德说，社会学专业的学生不仅应该学习很多关于一般科学的知识，而且还应该单独研究每门科学。孔德坚持认为，一门普通科学不能超过某个点，直到它之前的科学已经超过某个点。

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• Classification of Sciences Before Comte | Sociology Plus

  https://sociology.plus/courses/auguste-comte/lesson/classification-of-sciences-before-comte/