“头脑优先” 学习者 / “HEAD FIRST” LEARNER

WE THINK OF A “HEAD FIRST” READER AS A LEARNER.

我们认为“头脑优先”的读者是学习者。

So what does it take to learn something? First, you have to get it, then make sure you don’t forget it. It’s not about pushing facts into your head. Based on the latest research in cognitive science, neurobiology, and educational psychology, learning takes a lot more than text on a page. We know what turns your brain on.

那么要学点什么呢？首先，你要掌握知识点，牢记心中。不仅仅只是灌输事实。根据认知科学、神经生物学和教育心理学的最新研究，学习需要的不仅仅是一页纸上的文字。我们得让大脑兴奋起来！

Some of the Head First learning principles:

一些头脑优先的学习原则：

Make it visual. Images are far more memorable than words alone, and make learning much more effective (up to 89% improvement in recall and transfer studies). It also makes things more understandable. Put the words within or near the graphics they relate to, rather than on the bottom or on another page, and learners will be up to twice as likely to solve problems related to the content.

可视化。图像远比单词更容易记忆，使学习更有效(在回忆和迁移研究中提高了89%)。这也让事情更容易理解。将单词放在与之相关的图形内或附近，而不是放在底部或另一页上，学习者解决与内容相关的问题的可能性将提高一倍。

Use a conversational and personalized style. In recent studies, students performed up to 40% better on post-learning tests if the content spoke directly to the reader, using a first-person, conversational style rather than taking a formal tone. Tell stories instead of lecturing. Use casual language. Don’t take yourself too seriously. “ Which would you pay more attention to: a stimulating dinner-party companion, or a lecture?

使用对话和个性化的风格。在最近的研究中，学生在学习后的测试中，如果内容直接与读者交流，使用第一人称的对话方式，而不是采取正式的语调，学生的表现会提高40%。讲故事而不是说教。使用随意的语言。别把自己看得太重。“你会更注意哪一个：一个令人兴奋的晚宴同伴，还是一个讲座？

To think more deeply. In other words, unless you actively flex your neurons, nothing much happens in your head. A reader has to be motivated, engaged, curious, and inspired to solve problems, draw conclusions, and generate new knowledge. And for that, you need challenges, exercises, and thought-provoking questions, and activities that involve both sides of the brain and multiple senses.

更深入地思考。换句话说，除非你主动地弯曲你的神经元，否则你的大脑不会发生什么事。一个读者必须被激发，投入，好奇，并启发解决问题，得出结论，产生新的知识。为此，你需要挑战、练习、发人深省的问题，以及涉及大脑两侧和多个感官的活动。

Get—and keep—the reader’s attention. We’ve all had the “I really want to learn this, but I can’t stay awake past page one” experience. Your brain pays attention to things that are out of the ordinary, interesting, strange, eye-catching, unexpected. Learning a new, tough, technical topic doesn’t have to be boring. Your brain will learn much more quickly if it’s not.

吸引并保持读者的注意力。我们都有过这样的经历：“我真的很想学这个，但是我不能在第一页之前保持清醒”。你的大脑会注意那些不寻常的、有趣的、奇怪的、吸引眼球的、意想不到的事情。学习一个新的，艰难的，技术性的话题并不一定是无聊的。否则你的大脑会学得更快。

Touch their emotions. We now know that your ability to remember something is largely dependent on its emotional content. You remember what you care about. You remember when you feel something. No, we’re not talking heart-wrenching stories about a boy and his dog. We’re talking emotions like surprise, curiosity, fun, “what the…?”, and the feeling of “I rule!” that comes when you solve a puzzle, learn something everybody else thinks is hard, or realize you know something that “I’m more technical than thou” Bob from Engineering doesn’t.

触摸他们的情绪。我们现在知道，你记忆事物的能力很大程度上取决于它的情感内容。你记得你关心什么。你记得当你感觉到什么的时候。不，我们不是说一个男孩和他的狗的令人心碎的故事。我们说的是惊喜，好奇，有趣，“什么…？和“我统治！当你解决了一个难题，学会了别人都认为很难的东西，或者意识到你知道“我比你更技术”的东西，工程系的鲍勃不知道。

Metacognition: thinking about thinking

元认知：思考

“If you really want to learn, and you want to learn more quickly and more deeply, pay attention to how you pay attention. Think about how you think. Learn how you learn.”

“如果你真的想学习，而且你想学习得更快、更深入，那就要注意你如何集中注意力。想想你怎么想。学会如何学习。”

“Most of us did not take courses on metacognition or learning theory when we were growing up. We were expected to learn, but rarely taught to learn.”

“在我们成长的过程中，我们大多数人没有上过元认知或学习理论的课程。我们被要求学习，但很少有人教我们学习。”

 Dawn Griffiths. “Head First Kotlin。”