难点总结
学生在对数运算中的难点分析:
一、不理解对数,不会用对数公式或错用对数公式
①对数 l o g 2 3 log_23 log23和指数幂 2 3 2^3 23一样,也就是个实数而已,所以其也会有加减乘除乘方开方等运算;
比如 2 2 + l o g 2 3 = 2 2 ⋅ 2 l o g 2 3 = 4 ⋅ 3 = 12 2^{2+log_23}=2^2\cdot 2^{log_23}=4\cdot 3=12 22+log23=22⋅2log23=4⋅3=12;
②准确记忆对数的运算公式和法则,
【相关复习】指数幂的运算1
a b = N a^b=N ab=N(指数式) ⟺ \Longleftrightarrow ⟺ b = l o g a N b=log_aN b=logaN(对数式);
对数的性质: l o g a 1 = 0 log_a1=0 loga1=0, l o g a a = 1 log_aa=1 logaa=1;
对数的运算法则:
l o g a M N = l o g a M + l o g a N log_aMN=log_aM+log_aN logaMN=logaM+logaN;注意字母的取值, a > 0 a>0 a>0且 a ≠ 1 a\neq1 a=1, M > 0 M>0 M>0且 N > 0 N>0 N>0,后者学生在做变换时容易忘记;
l o g a M N = l o g a M − l o g a N log_a\cfrac{M}{N}=log_aM-log_aN logaNM=logaM−logaN; l o g a M n = n l o g a M log_aM^n=nlog_aM logaMn=nlogaM;
对数恒等式: a l o g a N = N a^{log_aN}=N alogaN=N;
对数换底公式: l o g a b = l o g c b l o g c a ( a > 0 , a ≠ 1 ; c > 0 , c ≠ 1 ; b > 0 ) log_ab=\cfrac{log_cb}{log_ca}(a>0,a\neq 1;c>0,c\neq 1;b>0) logab=logcalogcb(a>0,a=1;c>0,c=1;b>0)
常用公式1: l o g a b ⋅ l o g b c ⋅ l o g c d = l o g a d log_ab\cdot log_bc\cdot log_cd= log_ad logab⋅logbc⋅logcd=logad; l o g a b ⋅ l o g b c ⋅ l o g c a = l o g a a = 1 log_ab\cdot log_bc\cdot log_ca= log_aa=1 logab⋅logbc⋅logca=logaa=1;
l o g a b ⋅ l o g b a = 1 log_ab\cdot log_ba=1 logab⋅logba=1; l n e = 1 lne=1 lne=1; l g 2 + l g 5 = l g 10 = 1 lg2+lg5=lg10=1 lg2+lg5=lg10=1;
常用公式2: l o g a m b n = n m l o g a b ( m , n ∈ R , a > 0 , a ≠ 1 , b > 0 ) log_{a^m}{b^n}=\cfrac{n}{m}log_ab(m,n\in R,a>0,a\neq 1,b>0) logambn=mnlogab(m,n∈R,a>0,a=1,b>0)
③正用、逆用、变用公式;
l o g a M + l o g a N = l o g a M N log_aM+log_aN=log_aMN logaM+logaN=logaMN; l o g a M − l o g a N = l o g a M N log_aM-log_aN=log_a\cfrac{M}{N} logaM−logaN=logaNM;
n l o g a M = l o g a M n nlog_aM=log_aM^n nlogaM=logaMn; n m l o g a b = l o g a m b n \cfrac{n}{m}log_ab=log_{a^m}{b^n} mnlogab=logambn
④错用公式: l o g a ( M + N ) = l o g a M + l o g a N log_a(M+N)=log_aM+log_aN loga(M+N)=logaM+logaN; l o g a ( M ⋅ N ) = l o g a M ⋅ l o g a N log_a(M\cdot N)=log_aM\cdot log_aN loga(M⋅N)=logaM⋅logaN;
二、知道对数的公式和运算法则,但不会灵活运用,对公式中的字母的内涵不理解;
化简 ( l o g 2 4 ) l o g 2 3 = 3 (log_24)^{log_23}=3 (log24)log23=3; l o g 2 l o g 2 16 = l o g 2 4 = 2 log_2^{\;\;log_216}=log_24=2 log2log216=log24=2;
化简 l o g 2 25 ⋅ l o g 3 4 ⋅ l o g 5 9 = 8 log_225\cdot log_34\cdot log_59=8 log225⋅log34⋅log59=8;提示:换底公式
化简 l g 3 2 + l g 3 5 + 3 l g 2 l g 5 lg^32+lg^35+3lg2lg5 lg32+lg35+3lg2lg5
分析:原式 = ( l g 2 + l g 5 ) ( l g 2 2 − l g 2 l g 5 + l g 2 5 ) + 3 l g 2 l g 5 =(lg2+lg5)(lg^22-lg2lg5+lg^25)+3lg2lg5 =(lg2+lg5)(lg22−lg2lg5+lg25)+3lg2lg5
= l g 2 2 − l g 2 l g 5 + l g 2 5 + 3 l g 2 l g 5 =lg^22-lg2lg5+lg^25+3lg2lg5 =lg22−lg2lg5+lg25+3lg2lg5
= l g 2 2 + 2 l g 2 l g 5 + l g 2 5 = ( l g 2 + l g 5 ) 2 = 1 =lg^22+2lg2lg5+lg^25=(lg2+lg5)^2=1 =lg22+2lg2lg5+lg25=(lg2+lg5)2=1;
( l o g 4 3 + l o g 8 3 ) ( l o g 3 2 + l o g 9 2 ) (log_43+log_83)(log_32+log_92) (log43+log83)(log32+log92)
法1:原式 = ( l g 3 l g 4 + l g 3 l g 8 ) ( l g 2 l g 3 + l g 2 l g 9 ) =(\cfrac{lg3}{lg4}+\cfrac{lg3}{lg8})(\cfrac{lg2}{lg3}+\cfrac{lg2}{lg9}) =(lg4lg3+lg8lg3)(lg3lg2+lg9lg2)
= l g 3 l g 4 ⋅ l g 2 l g 3 + l g 3 l g 4 ⋅ l g 2 l g 9 + l g 3 l g 8 ⋅ l g 2 l g 3 + l g 3 l g 8 ⋅ l g 2 l g 9 =\cfrac{lg3}{lg4}\cdot \cfrac{lg2}{lg3}+\cfrac{lg3}{lg4}\cdot \cfrac{lg2}{lg9}+\cfrac{lg3}{lg8}\cdot \cfrac{lg2}{lg3}+\cfrac{lg3}{lg8}\cdot \cfrac{lg2}{lg9} =lg4lg3⋅lg3lg2+lg4lg3⋅lg9lg2+lg8lg3⋅lg3lg2+lg8lg3⋅lg9lg2
= 1 2 + 1 4 + 1 3 + 1 6 = 5 4 =\cfrac{1}{2}+\cfrac{1}{4}+\cfrac{1}{3}+\cfrac{1}{6}=\cfrac{5}{4} =21+41+31+61=45
法2:原式 = ( 1 2 l o g 2 3 + 1 3 l o g 2 3 ) ( l o g 3 2 + 1 2 l o g 3 2 ) =(\cfrac{1}{2}log_23+\cfrac{1}{3}log_23)(log_32+\cfrac{1}{2}log_32) =(21log23+31log23)(log32+21log32)
= ( 1 2 + 1 3 ) ⋅ l o g 2 3 ⋅ ( 1 + 1 2 ) l o g 3 2 = 5 4 =(\cfrac{1}{2}+\cfrac{1}{3})\cdot log_23\cdot (1+\cfrac{1}{2})log_32=\cfrac{5}{4} =(21+31)⋅log23⋅(1+21)log32=45
法3:原式 = ( 1 l o g 3 4 + 1 l o g 3 8 ) ( 1 l o g 2 3 + 1 l o g 2 9 ) =(\cfrac{1}{log_34}+\cfrac{1}{log_38})(\cfrac{1}{log_23}+\cfrac{1}{log_29}) =(log341+log381)(log231+log291)
= ( 1 2 l o g 3 2 + 1 3 l o g 3 2 ) ( 1 l o g 2 3 + 1 2 l o g 2 3 ) =(\cfrac{1}{2log_32}+\cfrac{1}{3log_32})(\cfrac{1}{log_23}+\cfrac{1}{2log_23}) =(2log321+3log321)(log231+2log231)
= 5 6 l o g 3 2 ⋅ 3 2 l o g 2 3 = 5 4 =\cfrac{5}{6log_32}\cdot \cfrac{3}{2log_23}=\cfrac{5}{4} =6log325⋅2log233=45
三、只会单独运用单个的对数公式,不会组合应用几个对数公式;
:计算 5 l o g 25 ( l g 2 2 + l g 5 2 ) 5^{log_{25}(lg^22+lg\frac{5}{2})} 5log25(lg22+lg25);
分析:本题目分三个步骤完成:
第一步,先计算 5 5 5的指数位置的对数的真数的值,
l g 2 2 + l g 5 2 = ( l g 2 ) 2 − l g 2 + l g 5 lg^22+lg\cfrac{5}{2}=(lg2)^2-lg2+lg5 lg22+lg25=(lg2)2−lg2+lg5
= l g 2 ( l g 2 − 1 ) + l g 5 = − l g 2 l g 5 + l g 5 =lg2(lg2-1)+lg5=-lg2lg5+lg5 =lg2(lg2−1)+lg5=−lg2lg5+lg5
= l g 5 ( 1 − l g 2 ) = ( l g 5 ) 2 =lg5(1-lg2)=(lg5)^2 =lg5(1−lg2)=(lg5)2
这样,原题目就转化为 5 l o g 25 ( l g 5 ) 2 5^{log_{25}(lg5)^2} 5log25(lg5)2;
第二步,再计算 5 5 5的指数位置的对数的值,
l o g 25 ( l g 5 ) 2 = l o g 5 2 ( l g 5 ) 2 = 2 2 ⋅ l o g 5 l g 5 = l o g 5 l g 5 log_{25}(lg5)^2=log_{5^2}(lg5)^2=\cfrac{2}{2}\cdot log_5lg5=log_5lg5 log25(lg5)2=log52(lg5)2=22⋅log5lg5=log5lg5;
这样,原题目再次转化为 5 l o g 5 l g 5 5^{log_5lg5} 5log5lg5;
第三步,利用对数恒等式求值,
5 l o g 5 l g 5 = l g 5 5^{log_5lg5}=lg5 5log5lg5=lg5;
故 5 l o g 25 ( l g 2 2 + l g 5 2 ) = l g 5 5^{log_{25}(lg^22+lg\frac{5}{2})}=lg5 5log25(lg22+lg25)=lg5;
四、涉及指数、对数的综合运算
① 2 − l o g 2 3 = 2 l o g 2 ( 3 − 1 ) = 3 − 1 = 1 3 2^{-log_23}=2^{log_2(3^{-1})}=3^{-1}=\cfrac{1}{3} 2−log23=2log2(3−1)=3−1=31;
② 4 1 2 l o g 2 10 = ( 4 1 2 ) l o g 2 10 = 2 l o g 2 10 = 10 4^{\frac{1}{2}log_210}=(4^{\frac{1}{2}})^{log_210}=2^{log_210}=10 421log210=(421)log210=2log210=10;
③ 7 − l o g 7 1 2 = ( 1 2 ) − 1 = 2 7^{-log_7\frac{1}{2}}=(\cfrac{1}{2})^{-1}=2 7−log721=(21)−1=2;
④ 4 1 2 + l o g 2 10 = 4 1 2 ⋅ 4 l o g 2 10 = 2 ⋅ 2 l o g 2 10 2 = 200 4^{\frac{1}{2}+log_210}=4^{\frac{1}{2}}\cdot 4^{log_210}=2\cdot 2^{log_2{10}^2}=200 421+log210=421⋅4log210=2⋅2log2102=200;
⑤ 1 2 l g 32 49 − 4 3 l g 8 + l g 245 \cfrac{1}{2}lg\cfrac{32}{49}-\cfrac{4}{3}lg\sqrt{8}+lg\sqrt{245} 21lg4932−34lg8+lg245
= 1 2 ( l g 32 − l g 49 ) − 4 3 l g 8 1 2 + l g 24 5 1 2 =\cfrac{1}{2}(lg32-lg49)-\cfrac{4}{3}lg8^{\frac{1}{2}}+lg245^{\frac{1}{2}} =21(lg32−lg49)−34lg821+lg24521
= 1 2 ( l g 2 5 − l g 7 2 ) − 4 3 ⋅ 1 2 l g 2 3 + 1 2 l g ( 49 × 5 ) =\cfrac{1}{2}(lg2^5-lg7^2)-\cfrac{4}{3}\cdot \cfrac{1}{2}lg2^3+\cfrac{1}{2}lg(49\times5) =21(lg25−lg72)−34⋅21lg23+21lg(49×5)
= 1 2 ( 5 l g 2 − 2 l g 7 ) − 2 3 × 3 l g 2 + 1 2 ( 2 l g 7 + l g 5 ) =\cfrac{1}{2}(5lg2-2lg7)-\cfrac{2}{3}\times 3lg2+\cfrac{1}{2}(2lg7+lg5) =21(5lg2−2lg7)−32×3lg2+21(2lg7+lg5)
= 5 2 l g 2 − l g 7 − 2 l g 2 + 1 2 l g 5 + l g 7 =\cfrac{5}{2}lg2-lg7-2lg2+\cfrac{1}{2}lg5+lg7 =25lg2−lg7−2lg2+21lg5+lg7
= 1 2 l g 2 + 1 2 l g 5 =\cfrac{1}{2}lg2+\cfrac{1}{2}lg5 =21lg2+21lg5
= 1 2 ( l g 2 + l g 5 ) = 1 2 =\cfrac{1}{2}(lg2+lg5)=\cfrac{1}{2} =21(lg2+lg5)=21。
五、不懂对数运算的策略
求值: 5 l g 30 ⋅ ( 1 3 ) l g 0.5 5^{lg30}\cdot (\cfrac{1}{3})^{lg0.5} 5lg30⋅(31)lg0.5
分析:设 5 l g 30 ⋅ ( 1 3 ) l g 0.5 = x 5^{lg30}\cdot (\cfrac{1}{3})^{lg0.5}=x 5lg30⋅(31)lg0.5=x这一设元的意义非凡,没有设元之前,所给的只是个代数式,我们没法给它施加我们想要的运算;当设元之后,就将原来的代数式特殊化为了等式,这样我们就可以给两边施加想要的运算,比如给两边同时取对数,这一点在换底公式的证明中也有体现。,两边同时取对数,
得到 l g x = l g [ 5 l g 30 ⋅ ( 1 3 ) l g 0.5 ] lgx=lg[5^{lg30}\cdot (\cfrac{1}{3})^{lg0.5}] lgx=lg[5lg30⋅(31)lg0.5],
即 l g x = l g 30 ⋅ l g 5 + l g 0.5 ⋅ l g 1 3 lgx=lg30\cdot lg5+lg0.5\cdot lg\cfrac{1}{3} lgx=lg30⋅lg5+lg0.5⋅lg31
即 l g x = ( l g 3 + 1 ) ⋅ l g 5 + ( − l g 2 ) ⋅ ( − l g 3 ) lgx =(lg3+1)\cdot lg5+(-lg2)\cdot (-lg3) lgx=(lg3+1)⋅lg5+(−lg2)⋅(−lg3)
即 l g x = l g 3 ⋅ l g 5 + l g 5 + l g 2 ⋅ l g 3 lgx=lg3\cdot lg5+lg5+lg2\cdot lg3 lgx=lg3⋅lg5+lg5+lg2⋅lg3
即 l g x = l g 3 ( l g 2 + l g 5 ) + l g 5 lgx=lg3(lg2+lg5)+lg5 lgx=lg3(lg2+lg5)+lg5
即 l g x = l g 3 + l g 5 = l g 15 lgx=lg3+lg5=lg15 lgx=lg3+lg5=lg15,
即 x = 15 x=15 x=15;
求值:KaTeX parse error: Got function '\mskip' with no arguments as superscript at position 24: …ath{\kern#1#3}{\̲m̲s̲k̲i̲p̲#1#2}\relax
原式=KaTeX parse error: Got function '\mskip' with no arguments as superscript at position 24: …ath{\kern#1#3}{\̲m̲s̲k̲i̲p̲#1#2}\relax
KaTeX parse error: Got function '\mskip' with no arguments as superscript at position 24: …ath{\kern#1#3}{\̲m̲s̲k̲i̲p̲#1#2}\relax
KaTeX parse error: Got function '\mskip' with no arguments as superscript at position 24: …ath{\kern#1#3}{\̲m̲s̲k̲i̲p̲#1#2}\relax
已知 a , b > 0 a,b>0 a,b>0,且满足 2 + l o g 2 a = 3 + l o g 3 b = l o g 6 ( a + b ) 2+log_2a=3+log_3b=log_6(a+b) 2+log2a=3+log3b=log6(a+b),求 1 a + 1 b \cfrac{1}{a}+\cfrac{1}{b} a1+b1的值;
分析:引入正数因子 k k k,
令 2 + l o g 2 a = 3 + l o g 3 b = l o g 6 ( a + b ) = k ( k > 0 ) 2+log_2a=3+log_3b=log_6(a+b)=k(k>0) 2+log2a=3+log3b=log6(a+b)=k(k>0),
则由 2 + l o g 2 a = l o g 2 4 a = k 2+log_2a=log_24a=k 2+log2a=log24a=k,
得到 4 a = 2 k 4a=2^k 4a=2k,即 a = 2 k 2 2 = 2 k − 2 a=\cfrac{2^k}{2^2}=2^{k-2} a=222k=2k−2;
由 3 + l o g 3 b = l o g 3 27 b = k 3+log_3b=log_327b=k 3+log3b=log327b=k,
得到 27 b = 3 k 27b=3^k 27b=3k,即 b = 3 k 3 3 = 3 k − 3 b=\cfrac{3^k}{3^3}=3^{k-3} b=333k=3k−3;
由 l o g 6 ( a + b ) = k log_6(a+b)=k log6(a+b)=k,
得到 a + b = 6 k a+b=6^k a+b=6k;
则 1 a + 1 b = a + b a b \cfrac{1}{a}+\cfrac{1}{b}=\cfrac{a+b}{ab} a1+b1=aba+b
= 6 k 2 k − 2 ⋅ 3 k − 3 =\cfrac{6^k}{2^{k-2}\cdot 3^{k-3}} =2k−2⋅3k−36k
= 2 k ⋅ 3 k 2 k ⋅ 2 − 2 ⋅ 3 k ⋅ 3 − 3 =\cfrac{2^k\cdot 3^k}{2^k\cdot 2^{-2}\cdot 3^k\cdot 3^{-3}} =2k⋅2−2⋅3k⋅3−32k⋅3k
= 1 2 − 2 ⋅ 3 − 3 =\cfrac{1}{2^{-2}\cdot 3^{-3}} =2−2⋅3−31
= 2 2 ⋅ 3 3 = 108 =2^2\cdot 3^3=108 =22⋅33=108
六、虽然能做出对数题目,但不能理解题目的训练意图;
用 l g x lgx lgx、 l g y lgy lgy、 l g z lgz lgz、 l g ( x + y ) lg(x+y) lg(x+y)、 l g ( x − y ) ( x > y > 0 ) lg(x-y)(x>y>0) lg(x−y)(x>y>0)表达下列对数式;
① l g ( x y z ) = l g x + l g y + l g z lg(xyz)=lgx+lgy+lgz lg(xyz)=lgx+lgy+lgz;
② l g ( x 2 y 2 z − 3 ) = 2 l g x + 2 l g y − 3 l g z lg(x^2y^2z^{-3})=2lgx+2lgy-3lgz lg(x2y2z−3)=2lgx+2lgy−3lgz;
③ l g x y x 2 − y 2 = l g x + l g y − l g ( x + y ) − l g ( x − y ) lg\cfrac{xy}{x^2-y^2}=lgx+lgy-lg(x+y)-lg(x-y) lgx2−y2xy=lgx+lgy−lg(x+y)−lg(x−y);
④ l g [ y x ( x − y ) ] 3 = 3 l g y − l g x − l g ( x − y ) lg[\cfrac{y}{x(x-y)}]^3=3lgy-lgx-lg(x-y) lg[x(x−y)y]3=3lgy−lgx−lg(x−y);
解对数方程: l o g 2 ( 9 x − 1 − 5 ) = l o g 2 ( 3 x − 1 − 2 ) + 2 log_2(9^{x-1}-5)=log_2(3^{x-1}-2)+2 log2(9x−1−5)=log2(3x−1−2)+2
分析:要使得原方程成立,必须先满足条件 9 x − 1 − 5 > 0 ① 9^{x-1}-5>0① 9x−1−5>0①, 3 x − 1 − 2 > 0 ② 3^{x-1}-2>0② 3x−1−2>0②,
在此前提下,原方程等价于 l o g 2 ( 9 x − 1 − 5 ) = l o g 2 4 ( 3 x − 1 − 2 ) log_2(9^{x-1}-5)=log_24(3^{x-1}-2) log2(9x−1−5)=log24(3x−1−2);
即 9 x − 1 − 5 = 4 ( 3 x − 1 − 2 ) 9^{x-1}-5=4(3^{x-1}-2) 9x−1−5=4(3x−1−2),
即 9 x − 1 − 4 ⋅ 3 x − 1 + 3 = 0 9^{x-1}-4\cdot 3^{x-1}+3=0 9x−1−4⋅3x−1+3=0,
即 ( 3 x − 1 ) 2 − 4 ⋅ 3 x − 1 + 3 = 0 (3^{x-1})^2-4\cdot 3^{x-1}+3=0 (3x−1)2−4⋅3x−1+3=0,
即 3 x − 1 = 1 3^{x-1}=1 3x−1=1,或者 3 x − 1 = 3 3^{x-1}=3 3x−1=3,
解 3 x − 1 = 1 3^{x-1}=1 3x−1=1, 即 3 x − 1 = 3 0 3^{x-1}=3^0 3x−1=30,解得 x = 1 x=1 x=1,
解 3 x − 1 = 3 3^{x-1}=3 3x−1=3, 即 3 x − 1 = 3 1 3^{x-1}=3^1 3x−1=31,解得 x = 2 x=2 x=2,
验证:将 x = 1 x=1 x=1和 x = 2 x=2 x=2代入①②两式,舍去 x = 1 x=1 x=1,保留 x = 2 x=2 x=2,
故方程的根为 x = 2 x=2 x=2。
七、对数学公式的内涵和作用理解不到位
① 2 l o g 2 3 = 3 2^{log_23}=3 2log23=3,这样做的目的是为了化简;
② 3 = 2 l o g 2 3 3=2^{log_23} 3=2log23,这样做的目的是常数指数化,便于求解形如 2 x > 3 2^x>3 2x>3指数不等式,即 2 x > 3 = 2 l o g 2 3 2^x>3=2^{log_23} 2x>3=2log23,
典例剖析
计算 ( 1 − l o g 6 3 ) 2 + l o g 6 2 ⋅ l o g 6 18 l o g 6 4 = 1 \cfrac{(1-log_63)^2+log_62\cdot log_618}{log_64}=1 log64(1−log63)2+log62⋅log618=1
正整数指数幂: a × a × ⋯ × a ⏟ n 个 = a n ( n ∈ N ) \underbrace{{a\times a\times \cdots\times a}}_{n个}=a^n(n\in N) n个 a×a×⋯×a=an(n∈N);
负整数指数幂: a − n = 1 a n a^{-n}=\cfrac{1}{a^n} a−n=an1; a 0 = 1 ( a ≠ 0 ) a^0=1(a\neq 0) a0=1(a=0);
正分数指数幂: a m n = a m n a^{\frac{m}{n}}=\sqrt[n]{a^m} anm=nam;负分数指数幂: a − m n = 1 a m n a^{-\frac{m}{n}}=\cfrac{1}{\sqrt[n]{a^m}} a−nm=nam1;
{ 整数 } ∪ { 分数 } = { 有理数 } \{整数\}\cup\{分数\}=\{有理数\} {整数}∪{分数}={有理数}; { 有理数 } ∪ { 无理数 } = { 实数 } \{有理数\}\cup\{无理数\}=\{实数\} {有理数}∪{无理数}={实数},
指数的运算法则:( m , n ∈ R m,n\in R m,n∈R),注意:字母 a 、 b a、b a、b的内涵;
公式: a m ⋅ a n = a m + n a^m\cdot a^n=a^{m+n} am⋅an=am+n; ( a m ) n = ( a n ) m = a m n (a^m)^n=(a^n)^m=a^{mn} (am)n=(an)m=amn; ( a ⋅ b ) n = a n ⋅ b n (a\cdot b)^n=a^n\cdot b^n (a⋅b)n=an⋅bn;
注意逆用: a m + n = a m ⋅ a n a^{m+n}=a^m\cdot a^n am+n=am⋅an; a m n = ( a m ) n = ( a n ) m a^{mn}=(a^m)^n=(a^n)^m amn=(am)n=(an)m; a n ⋅ b n = ( a ⋅ b ) n a^n\cdot b^n=(a\cdot b)^n an⋅bn=(a⋅b)n;
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