[05 - 04] 题 - conversation - lecture - tpo7p3

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Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia
Paragraph 4: Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate large material surpluses. Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks or jewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the appearance of an extensive division of labor. Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by the use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.

conquest n. 征服;占领;占领(或征服)的地区;(爱情或性方面)被俘虏的人;控制

heredity n. 遗传(过程);遗传特征

insignificant adj. 微不足道的;无足轻重的

subject vt. 使臣服;使顺从;(尤指)压服

portability n. 便携性;可携带，轻便

by and large 大致上;总体上;总的说来

implies v. 含有…的意思;暗示;暗指;说明;表明;必然包含;使有必要 imply的第三人称单数

hierarchies n. 等级制度(尤指社会或组织);统治集团;层次体系 hierarchy的复数

steep adj. 陡的;陡峭的;突然的;急剧的;

absence n. 缺席;不在;不存在;缺乏

requirement n. 要求;所需的(或所要的)东西;必要条件;必备的条件

10. According to paragraph 4, all of the following are true of social inequality in pastoralist societies EXCEPT:

○It exists and has existed to some degree in most pastoral societies.

○It is most marked during periods of military conquest.

○It is expressed in the form of a rigid hierarchy based largely on heredity.

○It is usually too insignificant to be discussed in terms of class differences.

S：EXCEPT 排除题

D：abcd

SG：

TPO-15 A Warm-Blooded Turtle
Paragraph 2: A warm-blooded turtle may seem to be a contradiction in terms. Nonetheless, an adult leatherback can maintain a body temperature of between 25 and 26°C (77-79°F) in seawater that is only 8°C (46.4°F). Accomplishing this feat requires adaptations both to generate heat in the turtle’s body and to keep it from escaping into the surrounding waters. Leatherbacks apparently do not generate internal heat the way we do, or the way birds do, as a by-product of cellular metabolism. A leatherback may be able to pick up some body heat by basking at the surface; its dark, almost black body color may help it to absorb solar radiation. However, most of its internal heat comes from the action of its muscles.

leatherback n. 棱皮龟;革龟

radiation n. 辐射;放射线;辐射的热(或能量等);放射疗法

cellular adj. 细胞的;由细胞组成的;

metabolism n. 新陈代谢

by-product n. 副产品;意外结果;副作用

Basking 沐浴;晒太阳;姥鲨

Accomplishing v. 完成 accomplish的现在分词

11. Paragraph 2 mentions all of the following as true about the body heat of adult leatherback turtles EXCEPT:

○Their muscles produce heat for maintaining body temperature.

○Their dark bodies help trap solar radiation.

○Their cellular metabolism produces heat as a by-product.

○Basking at the water’s surface helps them obtain heat.

S：EXCEPT 排除题

D：abcd

SG：

[ TPO1 - C2 ]

NARRATOR
Listen to part of a conversation between a student and his professor.
FEMALE PROFESSOR
Hi Mathew, I'm glad you could come in today.
You've been observing Mr. Grabell's third-grade class for your Approaches to Education paper, right?
MALE STUDENT
Um… yes…I go over to Johnson elementary school.. you know to watch Mr. Grabell teach the children in class.
It's been amazing, I mean, I'm just learning so much from just watching him.
I'm so glad the classroom observations are a requirement for the education program.
I mean it's like the best thing ever to prepare you to be a good teacher.
FEMALE PROFESSOR
Well, I'm glad to see you feel that way, Mathew. You know, that's the goal.
So … I’ve been reading over your observation notes, and I’m quite interested in what’s going on—in particular with the astronomy unit he’s been teaching.
MALE STUDENT
[questioning, not sure where it’s leading] The astronomy unit?
FEMALE PROFESSOR
It seems that Mr. Grable has mastered the interdisciplinary approach to teaching that we've been talking about in class.
MALE STUDENT
Oh, OK. [trying to think of an example] Yeah, so like when he was teaching them astronomy … he didn’t just teach them the names of the planets. He used it as way to teach mythology.
FEMALE PROFESSOR
Really? so, how did he do that?
MALE STUDENT
Well, some of the students could already name the planets, but they didn't know that the names had any meaning - the stories behind them.
FEMALE PROFESSOR
[Leading] So he…
MALE STUDENT
He introduced Greek and Roman mythology as a way of explaining.
Like, you know, how like Jupiter's the biggest planet, right, and how Jupiter was the name of the king of the gods in Roman mythology, right?
So since Jupiter, the planet, is the largest planet in our solar system, it's like the king of the planets, like Jupiter was the king of all the gods.
FEMALE PROFESSOR
Oh Matthew, that's a great example!
MALE STUDENT
Yeah … and each student chose a planet, and then did research on it to write a report and make a presentation.
They went to the library to do the research. Then they made presentations about the planet they chose.
FEMALE PROFESSOR
So in one science unit, in which the focus was astronomy, the students also learned about the literature of Greek and Roman mythology, used research skills in the library, wrote a report, and practiced their oral presentation skills?
MALE STUDENT
Exactly! He used this one topic to teach third-graders all that stuff - how to use the books in the library, to write reports, and even how to speak in public.
Plus they had a great time doing it.
FEMALE PROFESSOR
You know, Mathew, this is just what we've been talking about in our class. and I'm sure everyone could learn something from your experience, [pause]
You know, Mathew, I'd love for you to talk about this astronomy unit in class on Wednesday.
MALE STUDENT
Really? Um … cuz I don't really think I'll have any time to write my paper by then …
FEMALE PROFESSOR
Oh, you won't need to write anything new just yet. For Wednesday, use your class observation notes, and explain the things we've discussed today.
MALE STUDENT
Ok, that sounds all right.

What is the conversation mainly about?
A. A lesson Matthew prepared for his students
B. A class Matthew has been observing
C. A term paper that Matthew has written
D. A problem in Matthew's classroom

What is Matthew's opinion about observing Mr.Grabell's third-grade class?
A. It will help him become a more effective teacher
B. It could help improve his study habits
C. It has improved his public-speaking skills
D. It may be the most difficult assignment he has had

Why does Matthew mention Greek and Roman mythology?
A. To identify a topic frequently discussed in third grade
B. To get the professor's opinion about a lesson he taught
C. To make a suggestion to improve the class he is taking
D. To illustrate a technique used to teach a third-grade class

What important skills did Mr.Grabell introduce to his third-grade class?
Click on 3 answers
A. Reviewing other student's reports
B. Using books in the library
C. Interviewing their classmates
D. Speaking in public
E. Writing reports

What will Matthew probably do in next Wednesday's class?
A. Hand in his assignment early
B. Try to start a study group
C. Make a presentation to the class
D. Choose a topic for his paper

Mass Extinctions
Paragraph 3: What could cause such high rates of extinction? There are several hypotheses, including warming or cooling of Earth, changes in seasonal fluctuations or ocean currents, and changing positions of the continents. Biological hypotheses include ecological changes brought about by the evolution of cooperation between insects and flowering plants or of bottom-feeding predators in the oceans. Some of the proposed mechanisms required a very brief period during which all extinctions suddenly took place; other mechanisms would be more likely to have taken place more gradually, over an extended period, or at different times on different continents. Some hypotheses fail to account for simultaneous extinctions on land and in the seas. Each mass extinction may have had a different cause. Evidence points to hunting by humans and habitat destruction as the likely causes for the current mass extinction.

mass adj. 大批的;数量极多的;广泛的

propose v. 提议;建议;打算;

hypotheses n. 假说，假设;(凭空的)猜想，猜测 hypothesis的复数

bottom-feeding adj. 底部进料;（水生生物）在底部觅食的；<喻>在底层生活的

mechanism n. 机械装置;机件;方法;机制;(生物体内的)机制，构造

simultaneous adj. 同时的;同步的;同时发生(或进行)的

12. According to paragraph 3, each of the following has been proposed as a possible cause of mass extinctions EXCEPT

○habitat destruction

○continental movement

○fierce interspecies competition

○changes in Earth's temperature

S：EXCEPT 排除题

D：abcd

SG：

Glacier Formation
Paragraph1: Glaciers are slowly moving masses of ice that have accumulated on land in areas where more snowfalls during a year than melts. Snow falls as hexagonal crystals, but once on the ground, snow is soon transformed into a compacted mass of smaller, rounded grains. As the air space around them is lessened by compaction and melting, the grains become denser. With further melting, refreezing, and increased weight from newer snowfall above, the snow reaches a granular recrystallized stage intermediate between flakes and ice known as firn. With additional time, pressure, and refrozen meltwater from above, the small firn granules become larger, interlocked crystals of blue glacial ice. When the ice is thick enough, usually over 30 meters, the weight of the snow and firn will cause the ice crystals toward the bottom to become plastic and to flow outward or downward from the area of snow accumulation.

Hexagonal 六角形;六方;六方晶系;六角;六边形

interlock v. 扣紧;(使)连锁;紧密连接

compact vt. 把…紧压在一起(或压实)

grain n. 粮食;谷物;颗粒;

granule n. 颗粒;细粒;颗粒状物;微粒

recrystallize 再结晶;重结晶

further adj. 进一步的;更多的;附加的

compaction n. 压（夯，击）实；压缩（制；紧，力）;密封；填料;

dense adj. 稠密的;密集的;浓密的;

owing to prep. 因为，由于

round adj. 圆形的;环形的;球形的;弧形的;圆弧

above adv. 在(或向)上面;在较高处;(数目、数量、水平、年龄)超过，更多，更大;上文;

flake n. 小薄片;(尤指)碎片;古怪的人;奇特的人;健忘的人

additional adj. 附加的;额外的;外加的

refrozen 重新冻结的;refreeze的过去分词

plastic n. 塑料;塑料学;信用卡

13. According to paragraph 1, which of the following does NOT describe a stage in the development of firn?

○Hexagonal crystals become larger and interlock to form a thick layer.

○Snow crystals become compacted into grains.

○Granules recrystallize after melting, refreezing, and further compaction.

○Grains become denser owing to reduced air space around them.

S：NOT 排除题

D：abcd

SG：

Paragraph2: Glaciers are open systems, with snow as the system’s input and meltwater as the system's main output. The glacial system is governed by two basic climatic variables: precipitation and temperature. For a glacier to grow or maintain its mass, there must be sufficient snowfall to match or exceed the annual loss through melting, evaporation, and calving, which occurs when the glacier loses solid chunks as icebergs to the sea or to large lakes. If summer temperatures are high for too long, then all the snowfall from the previous winter will melt. Surplus snowfall is essential for a glacier to develop. A surplus allows snow to accumulate and for the pressure of snow accumulated over the years to transform buried snow into glacial ice with a depth great enough for the ice to flow. Glaciers are sometimes classified by temperature as faster-flowing temperate glaciers or as slower-flowing polar glaciers.

losses n. 丧失;损失;丢失;亏损;亏蚀;去世;逝世 loss的复数

calving n. 产犊；裂冰作用 calve的现在分词

buries v. 埋葬;安葬;丧失(某人);把(某物)掩藏在地下;埋藏 bury的第三人称单数

temperate adj. 气候温和的;温带的;温和的;心平气和的;自我克制的

polar adj. 极地的;近地极的;南极(或北极)的;磁极的;

governed v. 统治;控制;管理;治理;影响;支配 govern的过去分词和过去式

climatic adj. 与某一地区气候有关的

match n. 火柴;比赛;竞赛;敌手;旗鼓相当的人; v. 般配;相配;相同;相似;相一致;

iceberg n. 冰山(浮在海上的巨大冰块)

depth n. 深度;纵深;向下的距离;深(度);

14. According to paragraph 2, surplus snow affects a glacier in all the following ways EXCEPT:

○It provides the pressure needed to cause glacial ice to flow.

○It offsets losses of ice due to melting, evaporation, and calving.

○It brings about the formation of firn in the snow it buries.

○It results in temperate glaciers that are thicker than polar glaciers.

S：EXCEPT 排除题

D：abcd

SG：

Paragraph3: Glaciers are part of Earth’s hydrologic cycle and are second only to the oceans in the total amount of water contained. About 2 percent of Earth’s water is currently frozen as ice. Two percent may be a deceiving figure, however, since over 80 percent of the world’s freshwater is locked up as ice in glaciers, with the majority of it in Antarctica. The total amount of ice is even more awesome if we estimate the water released upon the hypothetical melting of the world’s glaciers. Sea level would rise about 60 meters. This would change the geography of the planet considerably. In contrast, should another ice age occur, sea level would drop drastically. During the last ice age, sea level dropped about 120 meters.

freshwater adj. 淡水中生长的;淡水的

hydrologic adj. 水文的

deceiving v. 蒙骗;诓骗;欺骗(自己);使人误信;误导 deceive的现在分词

Antarctica n. 南极洲

hypothetical adj. （基于）假设的，假定的;有待证实的

planet n. 行星;地球(尤指环境)

15. The discussion in paragraph 3 answers all the following questions EXCEPT:

○Where is most of Earth's freshwater?

○What effect would a new ice age have on sea levels?

○What is the total amount of water in Earth's oceans?

○How much of Earth's water is in ice?

S：EXCEPT 排除题

D：abcd

SG：

TPO-16 Trade and the Ancient Middle East
Paragraph 3: This mode of craft production favored the growth of self-governing and ideologically egalitarian craft guilds everywhere in the Middle Eastern city. These were essentially professional associations that provided for the mutual aid and protection of their members, and allowed for the maintenance of professional standards. The growth of independent guilds was furthered by the fact that surplus was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trading; the government left working people to govern themselves, much as shepherds of tribal confederacies were left alone by their leaders. In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-egalitarian organizations for fellowship, worship, and production that flourished in this laissez-faire environment, individuals could interact with one another within a community of harmony and ideological equality, following their own popularly elected leaders and governing themselves by shared consensus while minimizing distinctions of wealth and power.

guild n. 公会;(行业)协会;(中世纪的)同业公会

uphold vt. 维护;支持(正义等);维持;确认(原判、裁决等)

popular adj. 受喜爱的，受欢迎的;流行的，大众的，普遍的;民众的，百姓的

ideologically adv. 思想上；意识形态上

professional adj. 职业的;专业的;有职业的;娴熟的;

association n. 协会;社团;联盟;联合;合伙;关联;交往;联想;联系;因果关系

furthered v. 促进;增进 further的过去分词和过去式

surplus n. 盈余;剩余;过剩;顺差;过剩量;剩余额 adj. 剩余的;过剩的;多余的

shepherd n. 牧羊人;羊倌 vt. 带领;引;护送

confederacies n. 联盟;同盟;联邦 confederacy的复数

multiplicity n. 多种多样;多样性

fellowship n. 交情;友谊;伙伴关系;(具有共同利益、目的或信仰的)团体

laissez-faire n. (政府对私有商业的)自由放任政策

consensus n. 一致的意见;共识

1. According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of the Middle Eastern craft guilds EXCEPT:

○The guilds were created to support workers and to uphold principles of high-quality craft production.

○Each guild was very large and included members from a broad geographic area.

○The leaders of the guilds were chosen by popular vote.

○All guild members were treated as equals.

S：EXCEPT 排除题

D：abcd

SG：

Paragraph 4: The mercantile economy was also characterized by a peculiar moral stance that is typical of people who live by trade—an attitude that is individualistic, calculating, risk taking, and adaptive to circumstances. As among tribes people, personal relationships and a careful weighing of character have always been crucial in a mercantile economy with little regulation, where one's word is one's bond and where informal ties of trust cement together an international trade network. Nor have merchants and artisans ever had much tolerance for aristocratic professions of moral superiority, favoring instead an egalitarian ethic of the open market, where steady hard work, the loyalty of one's fellows, and entrepreneurial skill make all the difference. And, like the pastoralists, Middle Eastern merchants and artisans unhappy with their environment could simply pack up and leave for greener pastures—an act of self-assertion wholly impossible in most other civilizations throughout history.

2. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was NOT necessary for success in the mercantile economy?

○Good business sense

○Reliable associates

○Family wealth

○Constant effort

S：NOT 排除题

D：abcd

SG：

Planets in Our Solar System
The Sun is the hub of a huge rotating system consisting of nine planets, their satellites, and numerous small bodies, including asteroids, comets, and meteoroids. An estimated 99.85 percent of the mass of our solar system is contained within the Sun, while the planets collectively make up most of the remaining 0.15 percent. The planets, in order of their distance from the Sun, are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Under the control of the Sun's gravitational force, each planet maintains an elliptical orbit and all of them travel in the same direction.
The planets in our solar system fall into two groups: the terrestrial (Earth-like) planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) and the Jovian (Jupiter-like) planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). Pluto is not included in either category, because its great distance from Earth and its small size make this planet's true nature a mystery.
The most obvious difference between the terrestrial and the Jovian planets is their size. The largest terrestrial planet, Earth has a diameter only one quarter as great as the diameter of the smallest Jovian planet, Neptune, and its mass is only one seventeenth as great. Hence, the Jovian planets are often called giants. Also, because of their relative locations, the four Jovian planets are known as the outer planets, while the terrestrial planets are known as the inner planets. There appears to be a correlation between the positions of these planets and their sizes.Other dimensions along which the two groups differ markedly are density and composition. The densities of the terrestrial planets average about 5 times the density of water, whereas the Jovian planets have densities that average only 1.5 times the density of water. One of the outer planets, Saturn, has a density of only 0.7 that of water, which means that Saturn would float in water. Variations in the composition of the planets are largely responsible for the density differences. The substances that make up both groups of planets are divided into three groups—gases, rocks, and ices—based on their melting points. The terrestrial planets are mostly rocks: dense rocky and metallic material, with minor amounts of gases. The Jovian planets, on the other hand, contain a large percentage of the gases hydrogen and helium, with varying amounts of ices: mostly water, ammonia, and methane ices.
The Jovian planets have very thick atmospheres consisting of varying amounts of hydrogen, helium, methane, and ammonia. By comparison, the terrestrial planets have meager atmospheres at best. A planet's ability to retain an atmosphere depends on its temperature and mass. Simply stated, a gas molecule can "evaporate" from a planet if it reaches a speed known as the escape velocity. For Earth, this velocity is 11 kilometers per second. Any material, including a rocket, must reach this speed before it can leave Earth and go into space. The Jovian planets, because of their greater masses and thus higher surface gravities, have higher escape velocities (21-60 kilometers per second) than the terrestrial planets. Consequently, it is more difficult for gases to "evaporate" from them. Also, because the molecular motion of a gas depends on temperature, at the low temperatures of the Jovian planets even the lightest gases are unlikely to acquire the speed needed to escape. On the other hand, a comparatively warm body with a small surface gravity, like Earth's moon, is unable to hold even the heaviest gas and thus lacks an atmosphere. The slightly larger terrestrial planets Earth, Venus, and Mars retain some heavy gases like carbon dioxide, but even their atmospheres make up only an infinitesimally small portion of their total mass.
The orderly nature of our solar system leads most astronomers to conclude that the planets formed at essentially the same time and from the same material as the Sun. It is hypothesized that the primordial cloud of dust and gas from which all the planets are thought to have condensed had a composition somewhat similar to that of Jupiter. However, unlike Jupiter, the terrestrial planets today are nearly void of light gases and ices. The explanation may be that the terrestrial planets were once much larger and richer in these materials but eventually lost them because of these bodies' relative closeness to the Sun, which meant that their temperatures were relatively high.

hub n. 轮毂;(某地或活动的)中心

satellite n. 人造卫星;〈天〉卫星;（显要人物的）追随者;仆从，侍卫;

asteroid n. 小行星 adj. 星状的

meteoroids 流星体;陨星

collectively adv. 共同地；集体地；总起来说

make up 和解;和好;组成;构成;编造，虚构;给…化妆;为…打扮;凑足，补齐

in order of 按…顺序

nature n. 性质;自然界;大自然;自然;自然方式;天性;本性;性格;基本特征;种类;有…本性的

one quarter 四分之一;一刻钟

known as 被称为;被认为是;以…而闻名

correlation n. 相关性;相关;关联;相互关系

Simply stated 简单地说

slightly adv. 轻微地;稍微;略微;身材瘦小的

portion n. 部分;(食物的)一份，一客;分享的部分;

lead v. 领导，引领;带路，领路;(与……)相连，相通;通向，通往;

astronomer n. 天文学家

conclude v. 断定;推断出;得出结论;(使)结束，终止;达成，订立，缔结(协定)

essentially adv. 本质上;根本上;基本上

thought v. 认为;以为;想;思考;思索;思想;琢磨 think的过去分词和过去式

condensed v. 冷凝;凝结;浓缩变浓变稠;简缩，压缩 condense的过去分词和过去式

closeness n. 密闭；狭窄；闷热;紧密;密闭；狭窄；闷热

3. According to the passage, each of the following statements comparing terrestrial planets with Jovian planets is true EXCEPT:

○Terrestrial planets are closer to the Sun than Jovian planets.

○Terrestrial planets have smaller diameters than Jovian planets.

○Terrestrial planets have smaller masses than Jovian planets.

○Terrestrial planets travel in a different direction than Jovian planets do.

S：EXCEPT 排除题

D：abcd

SG：

Paragraph 4: Other dimensions along which the two groups differ markedly are density and composition. The densities of the terrestrial planets average about 5 times the density of water, whereas the Jovian planets have densities that average only 1.5 times the density of water. One of the outer planets, Saturn, has a density of only 0.7 that of water, which means that Saturn would float in water. Variations in the composition of the planets are largely responsible for the density differences. The substances that make up both groups of planets are divided into three groups—gases, rocks, and ices—based on their melting points. The terrestrial planets are mostly rocks: dense rocky and metallic material, with minor amounts of gases. The Jovian planets, on the other hand, contain a large percentage of the gases hydrogen and helium, with varying amounts of ices: mostly water, ammonia, and methane ices.

4. Paragraph 4 supports each of the following statements about Saturn EXCEPT:

○It is less dense than any of the terrestrial planets.

○It contains no rocky material.

○It contains ices.

○It contains a large percentage of gases.

S：EXCEPT 排除题

D：abcd

SG：

TPO-17 Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia
Paragraph 3: The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest galleys had as many as 50 oarsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. Even if they hugged the African coastline, they had little chance of surviving a crossing of the Indian Ocean Shortly after 1400, shipbuilders began developing a new type of vessel properly designed to operate in rough, open water: the caravel. It had a wider and deeper hull than the galley and hence could carry more cargo: increased stability made it possible to add multiple masts and sails. In the largest caravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of the thrust driving the ship forward, while a smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail, which could be moved into a variety of positions to maneuver the ship.

hull n. 船身;船体 vt. 剥去(豌豆、大豆等的)外壳;摘掉(草莓的)花萼

5. According to paragraph 3, all of the following statements comparing the caravel with the galley are true EXCEPT:

○The caravel had fewer masts than the galley.

○The caravel had a wider hull than the galley.

○The caravel could carry more cargo than the galley.

○The caravel was more stable in rough water than the galley.

S：EXCEPT 排除题

D：abcd

SG：

Animal Signals in the Rain Forest
Paragraph 2: In the varied and constantly changing light environment of the forest, an animal must be able to send visual signals to members of its own species and at the same time avoid being detected by predators. An animal can hide from predators by choosing the light environment in which its pattern is least visible. This may require moving to different parts of the forest at different times of the day or under different weather conditions, or it may be achieved by changing color according to the changing light conditions. Many species of amphibians (frogs and toads) and reptiles (lizards and snakes) are able to change their color patterns to camouflage themselves. Some also signal by changing color. The chameleon lizard has the most striking ability to do this. Some chameleon species can change from a rather dull appearance to a full riot of carnival colors in seconds. By this means, they signal their level of aggression or readiness to mate.

6. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are reasons amphibians and reptiles change color EXCEPT

○changing seasons

○to signal others of their species

○to match the light

○to hide from predators

S：EXCEPT 排除题

D：abcd

SG：

[ TPO4 - L2 ]

NARRATOR
Listen to part of a lecture in a literature class.
MALE PROFESSOR
Alright, so let me close today's class with some thoughts to keep in mind while you're doing tonight's assignment.
You'll be reading one of Ralph Waldo Emerson's best-known essays, Self-Reliance, and comparing it with his poems and other works.
I think this essay has the potential to be quite meaningful for all of you—as young people who probably wonder about things like truth, and where your lives are going … all sorts of profound questions.
Knowing something about Emerson's philosophies will help you when you read Self-Reliance. And basically, one of the main beliefs that he had, was about truth.
Not that it's something that we can be taught... Emerson says it's found within ourselves.
So this truth... the idea that it's in each one of us... is one of the first points that you'll see Emerson making in this essay.
It's a bit abstract, but he's very into, ah, into each person believing his or her own thought.
Believing in yourself, the thought or conviction that's true for you.
But actually, he ties that in with a sort of universal truth, something that everyone knows but doesn't realize they know.
Most of us aren't in touch with ourselves, in a way, so we just aren't capable of recognizing profound truths.
It takes geniuses... people like, say, Shakespeare, who are unique because when they have a glimpse of this truth—this universal truth—they pay attention to it and express it, and don’t just dismiss it like most people do.
So, Emerson is really into each individual believing in, and trusting, him or herself.
You'll see that he writes about... well, first, conformity.
He criticizes the people of his time, for abandoning their own minds and their own wills for the sake of conformity and consistency.
They try to fit in with the rest of the world, even though it's at odds with their beliefs and their identities.
Therefore, it's best to be a nonconformist—to do your own thing, not worrying about what other people think.
That's an important point—he really drives this argument home throughout the essay.When you're reading I want you to think about that, and why that kind of thought would be relevant to the readers of his time.
Remember, this is 1838. Self-reliance was a novel idea at the time, and United States citizens were less secure about themselves as individuals and as Americans.
The country as a whole was trying to define itself.
Emerson wanted to give people something to really think about. Help them find their own way and ah, what it meant to be who they were.
So, that's something that I think is definitely as relevant today as it was then... probably, uh... especially among young adults like yourselves.
You know, uh, college being a time to sort of really think about who you are and where you're going.
Now, we already said that Emerson really emphasized nonconformity, right?
As a way to sort of not lose your own self and identity in the world? To have your own truth and not be afraid to listen to it?
Well, he takes it a step further.
Not conforming also means, ah, not conforming with yourself, or your past. [rhetorically] What does that mean?
Well, if you've always been a certain way, or done a certain thing, but it's not working for you anymore, or you're not content—Emerson says that it'd be foolish to be consistent even with our own past.
Focus on the future, he says: that's what matters more. Inconsistency is good!
He talks about a ship's voyage—and this is one of the most famous bits of the essay—how the best voyage is made up of zigzag lines.
Up close, it seems a little all over the place, but from farther away the true path shows, and in the end it justifies all the turns along the way.
So, don't worry if you’re not sure where you're headed or what your long term goals are—stay true to yourself and it'll make sense in the end.
I mean, I can attest to that. Before I was a literature professor, I was an accountant. Before that, I was a newspaper reporter.
My life has taken some pretty interesting turns, and here I am, very happy with my experiences and where they've brought me.
If you rely on yourself and trust your own talents, your own interests, don't worry. Your path will make sense in the end.

self-reliance n. 自力更生;自主;自立

philosophies n. 哲学;哲学体系;思想体系;人生哲学;生活的信条(或态度) philosophy的复数

belief n. 相信;信心;看法;信念;信仰;宗教信仰

taught v. 教(课程);讲授;教授;训练;教育;教导;使懂得(情理) teach的过去分词和过去式

found 找到，找回;发现，发觉;（经过研究）找出，查明（find的过去分词和过去式）

conviction n. 信念;定罪;坚信;坚定;判罪;证明有罪;坚定的看法(或信念);肯定

a sort of 一种;有点

universal adj. 普遍的;全体的;全世界的;共同的;普遍存在的;广泛适用的

in a way 在某种程度上;不完全地

geniuses n. 天资;天赋;天才人物;(某领域的)天才;(特别的)才能，本领 genius的复数

express vt. 表示;表露;表达

conformity n. 一致性;(对社会规则的)遵从，遵守

sake of 为了

consistency n. 一致性;连贯性;黏稠度;密实度;平滑度;坚实度

at odds with 与…不一致;与……不和，与……争吵

identities n. 身份;本身;本体;特征;特有的感觉(或信仰);同一性;相同;一致 identity的复数

nonconformist adj. 不墨守成规的;

emphasize v. 强调;重视;着重;使突出;使明显;重读，强调(词或短语);加强…的语气

identity n. 身份;本身;本体;特征;特有的感觉(或信仰);同一性;相同;一致

conforming v. 顺从，顺应;随潮流;遵守，遵从，服从(规则、法律等);相一致;相符合;相吻合

headed v. 朝(某方向)行进;领导;主管;位于排行之首;排在前头 head的过去分词和过去式

Symbiotic Relationships
Paragraph 3: At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.

overrun v. 横行;泛滥;肆虐;多用(时间、钱财等);超时

expanse n. 一大片，广阔，宽广，浩瀚(尤指陆地或海洋)

genotypes 基因型;遗传型;基因亚型

make-up n. 化妆，化妆品;性格;气质;体格;组成（成分）

perished v. 死亡;暴死;丧失;湮灭;毁灭;(使橡胶等)老化，脆裂 perish的过去分词和过去式

7. According to paragraph 3, all of the following characterize the way natural selection stabilized the Australian rabbit population EXCEPT:

○The most toxic viruses died with their hosts.

○The surviving rabbits were increasingly immune to the virus.

○The decline of the mosquito population caused the spread of the virus to decline.

○Rabbits with specific genetic make-ups were favored.

S：EXCEPT 排除题

D：abcd

SG：

Paragraph 5: The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in the relationship Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering plants and their pollinators, are examples of mutualistic association. In the first case, the plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic compounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it. In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only. Another example of mutualism would be the bull's horn acacia tree, which grows in Central and South America. The tree provides a place to live for ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex. The ants live in large, hollow thorns and eat sugar secreted by the tree. The ants also eat yellow structures at the tip of leaflets: these are protein rich and seem to have no function for the tree except to attract ants. The ants benefit the host tree by attacking virtually anything that touches it. They sting other insects and large herbivores (animals that eat only plants) and even clip surrounding vegetation that grows near the tree. When the ants are removed, the trees usually die, probably because herbivores damage them so much that they are unable to compete with surrounding vegetation for light and growing space.

mutualism n. 互利（惠）共生；互利共栖

mutualistic 互惠;互利;互利共生

nitrogen n. 氮;氮气

thorn n. 刺;荆棘;(玫瑰之类植物的)棘刺;带刺的树;刺形符;

leaflet n. 传单;散页印刷品;(宣传或广告)小册子

touches n. 触觉;触感;触摸;触;碰;触摸时的感觉 touch的第三人称单数和复数

clip n. 夹子;修剪;(金属或塑料的)回形针;首饰别针;剪短;

8. According to paragraph 5. which of the following is NOT true of the relationship between the bull's horn acacia tree and the Pseudomyrmex ants?

○Ants defend the host trees against the predatory actions of insects and animals.

○The acacia trees are a valuable source of nutrition for the ants.

○The ants enable the acacia tree to produce its own chemical defenses.

○The ants protect the acacia from having to compete with surrounding vegetation.

S：NOT 排除题

D：abcd

SG：

TPO-18 Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia
Paragraph 4: Location was an important factor for all four countries. All had immediate access to the sea, and this had important implications for a significant international resource, fish, as well as for cheap transport, merchant marines, and the shipbuilding industry. Each took advantage of these opportunities in its own way. The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships: eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, and eventually oil). Denmark also had an admirable commercial history, particularly with respect to traffic through the Sound (the strait separating Denmark and Sweden). In 1857, in return for a payment of 63 million kronor from other commercial nations, Denmark abolished the Sound toll dues the fees it had collected since 1497 for the use of the Sound. This, along with other policy shifts toward free trade, resulted in a significant increase in traffic through the Sound and in the port of Copenhagen.

shipbuilding n. 造船业

Netherlands n. 荷兰

immediate adj. 立即的;立刻的;目前的;当前的;

implication n. 可能的影响(或作用、结果);含意;暗指;(被)牵连，牵涉

take advantage of 利用;占……的便宜;欺骗;捉弄

fisheries n. 渔场 fishery的复数

fishery n. 渔场

transit n. 运输;运送;搬运;载运;通过;经过;通行;过境;中转;交通运输系统

traffic n. 交通;路上行驶的车辆;(沿固定路线的)航行，行驶，飞行;运输;

Sound n. 声音，响声;声，声响;音响;嗓音;印象;海峡

strait n. 海峡，狭窄的水道;

toll n. 伤亡人数;通行费;(战争、灾难等造成的)毁坏;(缓慢而有规律的)钟声;长途电话费

policy n. 政策;方针;原则;为人之道;保险单

shift v. 转移;挪动;赶快;快速移动;

9. According to paragraph 4, because of their location, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries had all of the following advantages when they began to industrialize EXCEPT

○ low-cost transportation of goods

○ access to fish

○ shipbuilding industries

○ military control of the sea

S：EXCEPT 排除题

D：abcd

SG：

Paragraph 5: The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries, with progressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruption or grandiose state projects, although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth, resulting in a new class of peasant landowners with a definite market orientation.

undertaken v. 承担;从事;负责;承诺;允诺;答应 undertake的过去分词

state n. 状态;状况;情况;国家;州;邦;政府;正式礼仪，隆重仪式;美国

political adj. 政治的;政府的;政权的;政党的;

institution n. (大学、银行等规模大的)机构;慈善机构;社会福利机构;

democratization n. 民主化

reasonably adv. 合理地;尚可;过得去;合乎逻辑地;明智地;通情达理地;公平合理地;适度地

grandiose adj. 华而不实的;浮夸的;不切实际的

protectionist adj. (政策、措施、法律)贸易保护主义的

reform v. 改革，改进，改良;（使）改正，改造

10. According to paragraph 5, each of the following contributed positively to the industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia EXCEPT

○ generally liberal trade policies

○ huge projects undertaken by the state

○ relatively uncorrupt governments

○ relatively little social or political disruption

S：EXCEPT 排除题

D：abcd

SG：

[ tpo7p3 ]

There is evidence of agriculture in Africa prior to 3000 B.C. It may have developed independently, but many scholars believe that the spread of agriculture and iron throughout Africa linked it to the major centers of the Near East and Mediterranean world. The drying up of what is now the Sahara desert had pushed many peoples to the south into sub-Sahara Africa. These peoples settled at first in scattered hunting-and-gathering bands, although in some places near lakes and rivers, people who fished, with a more secure food supply, lived in larger population concentrations. Agriculture seems to have reached these people from the Near East, since the first domesticated crops were millets and sorghums whose origins are not African but west Asian. Once the idea of planting diffused, Africans began to develop their own crops, such as certain varieties of rice, and they demonstrated a continued receptiveness to new imports. The proposed areas of the domestication of African crops lie in a band that extends from Ethiopia across southern Sudan to West Africa. Subsequently, other crops, such as bananas, were introduced from Southeast Asia.