ev3双足行驶机器人
So I have been driving EVs (electric vehicles) for the past three years now, and during this time I’ve learned a lot about what it’s like to own and drive one in day to day life. And so here I am to share my experience for anyone may potentially be interested in buying an EV, or just anyone who’s interested in general.
因此，过去三年来我一直在驾驶EV(电动汽车)，在这段时间里，我已经学到了很多关于拥有和驾驶日常汽车的感受。 因此，在这里，我将与任何可能对购买电动车有兴趣的人或对一般汽车感兴趣的人分享我的经验。
To provide a bit of context, this all started in 2017 when my parents bought a used 2015 BMW i3 to replace the family sedan for commuting (my dad’s daily work commute is 80km round trip) and running errands on the weekend.
为了提供一些背景信息，这一切始于2017年，当时我的父母购买了一辆二手2015宝马i3来代替家庭轿车进行通勤(我父亲的日常通勤是往返80公里)并在周末跑步。
In March 2019, I bought a Tesla Model 3 (long-range rear-wheel-drive configuration), my parents sold their gas-powered SUV, and our garage has been exclusively electric-powered since then.
2019年3月，我购买了特斯拉Model 3(远程后轮驱动配置)，我的父母出售了他们的汽油动力SUV，从那时起，我们的车库就完全是电动的。
为什么要电？ (Why electric?)
Well, to put it simply, electric vehicles are the future.
好吧，简单地说，电动汽车是未来。
Up until maybe a few years ago however, it seemed that an EV future was still not very clear to many people (and I don’t mean this in an offensive or condescending way) as there were many valid doubts about the viability, economics, and infrastructure necessary to support mass market electric vehicles. However, in 2020, it is undeniable that electric vehicles are not only viable, but they are the only viable method of automobile transportation for a sustainable future.
然而，直到大约几年前，电动汽车的未来似乎仍然对很多人来说还不是很清楚(我并不是说这是冒犯或屈尊的方式)，因为人们对可行性，经济性，和支持大众市场电动汽车所需的基础设施。 然而，不可否认的是，到2020年，电动汽车不仅可行，而且是实现可持续未来的唯一可行的汽车运输方式。
Since I’ve already paid the early adopter tax to get a glimpse of this EV future, I want to share my experiences so that you can get a bit of an idea of what that future is going to look like, and what are some of the challenges that are preventing us from getting there faster.
由于我已经缴纳了早期采用者税，以了解这个电动汽车的未来，因此我想分享我的经验，以便您可以对未来的前景有一个大概的了解，阻碍我们更快到达那里的挑战。
Now I should mention that, of course, there are always going to be people who are against electric vehicles for various reasons.
现在，我应该提到的是，当然总会有一些人出于各种原因反对电动汽车。
Some are inherently resistant to change (the same people that would’ve preferred horses over cars 100 years ago), some don’t believe in the benefits (I believe this is due to misinformation), and some may simply prefer the feeling of driving an internal combustion engine powered car, which is actually a perfectly fine and valid reason. I’m not going to try and convince anyone that electric vehicles are objectively better in every way, because they’re not, and there are still some serious obstacles to owning one. But just like everything else in the future, some (hopefully most) will be good and some will be bad, and it will take an adjustment period, but we will get there.
有些人天生就不会改变(某些人在100年前比汽车更喜欢马)，有些人不相信这种好处(我相信这是由于错误的信息)，而有些人可能更喜欢驾车的感觉。内燃机驱动的汽车，这实际上是一个很好的理由。 我不会试图说服所有人，电动汽车在各个方面都客观上会更好，因为它们并非如此，而且拥有电动汽车仍然存在一些严重障碍。 但是，就像将来的所有其他事情一样，某些(希望是大多数)情况将是好事，而某些则将是坏事，这将需要一个调整期，但我们会做到这一点。
范围 (Range)
By far the most common question and concern about EVs is range. How far can you drive on a charge, and what happens if you run out?
到目前为止，有关电动汽车的最常见问题是范围。 充电可以行驶多远，用完了会怎样？
In 2020, almost all of the popular and mainstream EVs have 350km+ of real world range. That’s enough to comfortably drive from Vancouver to Seattle non-stop, at highway speeds, with passengers, AC on, and still have enough range to drive around in the city before plugging in at night. The higher end vehicles have over 500km+ of range. In my Model 3, which is rated for 523km of range, I’ve driven from Vancouver to Seattle and back on one charge.
到2020年，几乎所有流行和主流的电动汽车都具有超过350公里的真实世界行驶里程。 这足以在高速公路上以不间断的速度从温哥华不停地开车到西雅图，并有乘客，交流电开启，并且仍然有足够的行驶距离，可以在夜间插入之前在城市中行驶。 高端车辆的续航里程超过500公里。 在我的Model 3(额定续航里程为523公里)中，我从温哥华开车到西雅图，然后一次充电。
In fact, after going on several road trips ranging from a 1000km Christmas getaway to Portland to a proper 4000km road trip to California along the Pacific Coast Highway, I’ve never been in a situation where the car needed to charge before the driver needed to rest. In reality, even 350km of range is around three hours of driving at highway speeds, by which time most drivers will need to stop and stretch their body, go to the washroom, and eat some food before continuing on.
实际上，经过几次公路旅行，从1000公里的圣诞节假期到波特兰，再到沿着太平洋海岸公路到加利福尼亚的4000公里的公路旅行，我从来没有遇到过这样的情况：汽车需要在驾驶员需要充电之前进行充电休息。 实际上，即使是350公里的续航里程，也要以高速公路速度行驶约三个小时，到那时大多数驾驶员将需要停下来并伸展身体，去洗手间并吃一些食物，然后再继续前进。
With current battery size and technology, the range of an EV is almost never going to be the limiting factor, even on long road trips. Most drivers will need to recharge before an EV does.
使用当前的电池尺寸和技术，即使在长途旅行中，电动汽车的行驶里程也几乎不会成为限制因素。 大多数驾驶员需要在电动汽车充电之前进行充电。
One of the things I learned about range however, is that it can be significantly affected by temperature. Even in the relatively mild winters in Vancouver, both the i3 and the Model 3 had reduced range, around 20–30% less, depending on climate controls. Winter range loss is definitely something important to keep in mind when choosing an EV. Generally, it’s best to get as much range as you can reasonably afford, and when it comes to selecting options, range should always be prioritized over upgrading trim packages and other add-on features.
但是我了解到的范围之一是，温度可能会极大地影响范围。 即使在温哥华相对温和的冬季，根据气候控制，i3和Model 3的射程也都减小了，减少了20％至30％。 选择电动汽车时，绝对要记住冬季范围损失。 通常，最好获得尽可能合理的范围，并且在选择选项时，范围应始终优先于升级装饰套件和其他附加功能。
That being said, any modern EV should still have more than sufficient range for a being a daily driver, even in the winter.
话虽如此，即使是在冬季，任何现代电动汽车都应该有足够的续航里程来成为日常驾驶员。
Yet despite this, people are still fixated on measuring EV range down to the exact kilometre; whereas for traditional gas cars, range is not even listed on the spec sheet.
尽管如此，人们仍然专注于测量精确到一公里的EV范围。 而对于传统汽油车，范围甚至没有在规格表中列出。
Of course, this is because nobody cares about range in a gas car, and they don’t need to (efficiency is far more important), since there are more than enough gas stations to quickly fill up whenever needed. So you see, the problem is not really about range at all. It’s more about how quickly and how conveniently you can replenish the range when needed — which brings us to the next topic.
当然，这是因为没有人关心汽油车的行驶距离，而且他们也不需要这样做(效率更为重要)，因为有足够多的加油站可以在需要时Swift加油。 如此看来，问题根本就不在范围上。 它更多地取决于您在需要时可以多快和方便地补充范围，这使我们进入了下一个主题。
充电中 (Charging)
Like electrical charge, there are positives and negatives when it comes to charging an EV. Whether it’s better or worse overall is going to depend on each person’s unique situation and use cases, but it’s important to be well informed on both sides, and to understand that charging an EV is fundamentally different from filling up a tank of gas.
像电荷一样，在给电动汽车充电时也有正负之分。 总体而言是好还是坏取决于每个人的独特情况和用例，但重要的是要在双方上充分了解情况，并了解为电动汽车充电与加油根本不同。
Minor pedantic detail: the thing that people typically refer to as a “charger” is not the actual charger. It’s technically a charging station (aka EVSE — electric vehicle supply equipment). The actual charger itself is inside the vehicle (built in) and regulates the power input to make sure the vehicle charges safely and efficiently.
小细节：人们通常称为“充电器”的东西并不是真正的充电器。 从技术上讲，它是一个充电站(又名EVSE-电动汽车供应设备)。 实际的充电器本身在车辆内部(内置)并调节电源输入，以确保车辆安全有效地充电。
All EVs come with a small portable charging station that can be plugged in to either a regular 110v outlet (this is called Level 1 charging) or a higher powered 240v outlet commonly used for large household appliances such as stoves, dryers, etc. (this is called Level 2 charging).
所有电动汽车都带有一个小型便携式充电站，可以将其插入常规的110v插座(这称为1级充电)或通常用于大型家用电器(例如火炉，烘干机等)的更高功率的240v插座。称为2级充电)。
If you have access to an outlet at your parking spot at home, charging an EV is generally going to be much more convenient and pleasant than refuelling a gas car. Just like your phone, you can charge your EV overnight in the comfort of your own home instead of having to drive out to a gas station (often in the middle of doing something else), selecting “no car wash”, “no receipt”, swiping your airmiles card, tapping your credit card, unscrewing the fuel cap etc. — only to get mildly frustrated when you see another gas station $0.01/L cheaper on the way home. As you know, I’m not a fan of these kinds of micro stresses.
如果您可以在家中的停车位使用插座，那么给电动汽车充电通常比给加油车加油更加方便和愉快。 就像您的手机一样，您可以在自己舒适的家中为电动汽车充电过夜，而不必开车去加油站(通常在做其他事情的过程中)，选择“不洗车”，“不收据” ，刷一下您的airmiles卡，点击您的信用卡，松开加油口盖等—当您在回家的路上看到另一个加油站便宜$ 0.01 / L时，这只会让您感到沮丧。 如您所知，我不喜欢这种微小的压力 。
Anyways, back at home, a 240v outlet should be able to charge around 35–60km/hr (to clarify: the units here mean you’re replenishing 60km of range per hour of charging, not to be confused with 60kmh speed) while a 110v can charge around 7-10km/hr. The exact charging speed will vary based on the specific vehicle (and the capability of its onboard charger), the amperage of the charging station, and the power of the electrical outlet. Most EV owners will want Level 2 charging at home, and this may involve installing an additional 240v outlet in your garage if you don’t already have one. The cost of installing a 240v outlet is largely dependent on the distance from your new outlet to the nearest electrical source because the raw material cost of the electrical wiring is by far the most expensive component. Luckily, the garage in my house already had a 240v power source, so the cost to install a receptacle (the actual socket) was under $50. However, my neighbour has a detached garage at the back of his house and needed to run wiring from the front of the house, which ended up costing over $1000.
无论如何，回到家中，一个240v的插座应该能够以大约35–60km / hr的速度充电(要澄清：这里的单位表示您每小时要补充60km的充电范围，不要与60kmh的速度混淆) 110v可以充电约7-10 km / hr。 确切的充电速度将根据特定的车辆(及其车载充电器的容量)，充电站的安培数和电源插座的功率而变化。 大多数电动车所有者都希望在家中进行2级充电，如果您还没有车库，这可能需要在车库中安装额外的240v插座。 安装240v插座的成本在很大程度上取决于新插座到最近电源的距离，因为电线的原材料成本是最昂贵的组件。 幸运的是，我家的车库已经有了240v电源，因此安装插座(实际插座)的成本不到50美元。 但是，我的邻居在他的房子后面有一个独立的车库，需要从房子的前面布线，这最终花费了1000多美元。
There is also another option of installing a hard-wired charging station into the wall, which means it’s a permanent installation. This will look a bit cleaner, since you don’t need to plug anything into an outlet, but otherwise doesn’t provide any other benefits. I would recommend installing a 240v outlet and getting a portable charging station. It will charge at the same rate, is easier to replace if necessary (if a hardwired charging station breaks, you are basically screwed), and you can also take it with you on trips or if you move to a new home.
还有一种选择是将硬线充电站安装到墙上，这意味着它是永久安装。 这看起来会更干净一些，因为您不需要将任何东西插入插座，否则不会提供任何其他好处。 我建议安装240v电源插座并获得便携式充电站。 它将以相同的速率充电，并且在必要时更容易更换(如果硬线充电站坏了，基本上就拧死了)，也可以在旅途中或搬到新家时随身携带。
Pro tip: when contacting electricians to ask about installing a 240v outlet in your home for an EV charging station, make sure you know what amperage you need, and do not tell them it’s for a Tesla. They will straight up inflate the price even though there is literally no difference in the materials or labour involved (confirmed by me and my neighbour when we were both calling around and asking for quotes).
专家提示：当联系电工询问有关在家庭中为EV充电站安装240v插座的信息时，请确保您知道所需的安培数，而不要告诉他们这是给Tesla用的。 即使实际上所涉及的材料或劳力没有差别，它们也会使价格急剧上涨(我和我的邻居在我们打电话和索要报价时确认了这一点)。
Regardless of which option you pick, make sure to keep an eye out for government rebates and subsidies for EV charging station installation, which can save you up to 50% of the costs.
无论选择哪种选择，请务必注意政府对电动汽车充电站安装的回扣和补贴，这可以节省多达50％的成本 。
Speaking of costs, charging an EV is also going to be significantly cheaper than paying for gas.
说到成本，充电的电动汽车也将是比天然气支付显著便宜。
Charging my Model 3 from 0 to 100% (~500km of range) at home costs between $6.78 and $10.17 depending on BC Hydro step rates. In comparison, 500km of gas would cost me $45.09, assuming 7.1L/100km fuel economy (from a 2020 Honda Civic) and $1.27/L gas price (average for Vancouver in June 2020).
根据BC Hydro的步进速度，在0到100％(约500公里的续航里程)范围内给我的Model 3充电的费用在$ 6.78和$ 10.17之间。 相比之下，假设7.1L / 100km的燃油经济性(根据2020年的Honda Civic计算 )和1.27美元/ L的汽油价格( 2020年6月在温哥华的平均价格)，则500 km的汽油将花费我45.09美元。
That being said, I very rarely actually charge from 0–100 overnight, because I rarely drive that much in a day. Also, always charging the battery to 100% is actually not good for long term battery health, so I follow the recommended guideline of topping up to 80% every night.
话虽如此，我很少真正从0-100整夜充电，因为我一天很少开车那么多。 另外，始终将电池充电至100％实际上不利于电池长期健康，因此我遵循建议的每晚充值80％的指导原则。
So this all sounds wonderful, and it really is, but charging can also be equally annoying for some people. While charging at home is great, those living in apartments, or even some older houses, might not have access to an outlet near their parking spot. This makes owning an EV quite inconvenient and potentially even unviable. You basically need to rely on public charging stations, or charging at work if your workplace is fancy enough to have charging stations.
因此，听起来确实很棒，但对于某些人而言，充电也同样令人讨厌。 虽然在家中充电很方便，但住在公寓甚至是一些较旧房屋中的人可能无法进入其停车位附近的电源插座。 这使得拥有电动汽车非常不便，甚至可能不可行。 您基本上需要依靠公共充电站，或者如果您的工作场所足够有充电站，则可以在工作中充电。
Charging at work is actually very viable (even better than charging at home, since it’s free!), as long as there is sufficient availability. However, relying on public charging stations is less ideal. While there are a lot of them now (fun fact, Vancouver has more public EV charging stations than gas stations, check out PlugShare!) and most are free, they still only charge at ~45km/hr and realistically most people are not going to be spending hours at a public charging station. For all EV owners, public charging stations are great for getting free electricity and convenient parking spots at many public places such as malls or parks, but I wouldn’t rely on them as your only way of charging. Availability is definitely becoming more of a problem as EV adoption rate outpaces the rate of infrastructure growth.
只要有足够的可用性，工作中的充电实际上是非常可行的(甚至比在家充电更好，因为它是免费的！)。 但是，依靠公共充电站不太理想。 尽管现在有很多汽车(有趣的是，温哥华拥有比加油站更多的公共EV充电站，请查看PlugShare！)，并且大多数都是免费的 ，但它们仍然仅以〜45km / hr的速度充电，实际上大多数人都不会在公共充电站花几个小时。 对于所有电动汽车所有者来说，公共充电站非常适合在许多公共场所(例如购物中心或公园)获得免费电力和便利的停车位，但是我不会依靠它们作为唯一的充电方式。 随着电动汽车的采用率超过基础设施的增长速度，可用性无疑成为一个更大的问题。
In summary, refuelling at a gas station is always going to be faster than recharging an EV, and there are still places with gas stations but no EV charging stations yet. But 99% of the time, charging at home is going to be easier, more convenient, and way cheaper — as long as you have access to an outlet.
总而言之，加油站的加油总是比电动汽车的充电快，而且仍然有加油站的地方，但还没有电动汽车的充电站。 但是，99％的时间，在家里充电会更容易，更方便，更便宜的方式 -只要你有机会获得一个电源插座。
但是公路旅行呢？ (But what about road trips?)
A common charging related question is how does it work on road trips. The answer to this is heavily dependent on which particular EV you have. If you buy into the Tesla ecosystem, you have access to the Tesla Supercharger network, which covers nearly all of North America, Europe, and most parts of eastern Asia. It’s the most extensive charging network in the world, and you’ll be fine on all but the most extreme road trips (such as venturing out to unexplored region, the North Pole, Newfoundland, etc).
一个常见的与充电相关的问题是它在旅途中如何工作。 解决方案在很大程度上取决于您拥有哪个特定的电动汽车。 如果您购买了Tesla生态系统，就可以访问Tesla Supercharger网络，该网络几乎覆盖了北美，欧洲和东亚大部分地区。 它是世界上最广泛的充电网络，除了最极端的公路旅行(例如前往未开发的地区，北极，纽芬兰等地)外，您都可以使用。
This is the current map of the Supercharger network in North America:
这是北美增压器网络的当前地图：
On my 4000km roadtrip to California in the Model 3, range and charging were never an issue. Superchargers are specifically planned along major highways to enable cross continental road trips. The car’s navigation will automatically add charging stops along your route as needed, and it will even precondition the battery for supercharging to ensure the fastest and most efficient charge possible — the beauty of vertical integration. At 250kW on the latest V3 Superchargers (which are installed along the entire length of the Trans Canada Highway), charging speed is not an issue either; it’ll be done by the time you come back from the washroom or finish customizing an order of Chipotle.
在我乘坐Model 3到达加州的4000公里公路旅行中，范围和充电从来都不是问题。 沿主要公路特别规划了增压器，以实现跨大陆公路旅行。 汽车的导航功能会根据需要自动在您的路线上添加充电站，甚至可以对电池进行充电以进行预充电，以确保最快和最高效的充电-垂直整合的美感。 在最新的V3增压器(安装在Trans Canada Highway的整个长度上)的功率为250kW时，充电速度也不是问题。 当您从洗手间回来或完成自定义Chipotle订单时，便会完成此操作。
For all other EVs that are not Teslas, there are also companies such as Electrify America/Canada building out fast charging infrastructure, but in my opinion, they are not quite ready yet and probably won’t be for several more years. There’s simply not enough charging stations installed in the right places, most EVs don’t have built in integration to find those stations, and they don’t charge fast enough (roughly half the speed of the fastest Tesla Superchargers).
对于不是特斯拉的所有其他电动汽车，也有像Electrify America / Canada这样的公司正在建立快速充电基础设施，但我认为它们还没有准备好，可能不会再使用几年了。 根本就没有在正确的地方安装足够的充电站，大多数电动汽车没有内置集成来找到这些充电站，而且充电速度也不够快(大约是最快的Tesla Superchargers的一半速度)。
Until more companies invest in charging infrastructure and make more progress, if you want to go on long road trips, you pretty much need a Tesla (because the Supercharger network is exclusive to Tesla). Shorter road trips are totally doable with all EVs if you plan well.
除非更多的公司投资于充电基础设施并取得更大的进步，否则如果您要长途旅行，则几乎需要特斯拉(因为Supercharger网络是特斯拉专有的)。 如果您计划良好，则短途旅行完全适用于所有电动汽车。
To summarize my thoughts on range and charging, I think much of the discussion and comparison around charging an EV vs filling up at a gas station is due to what we’re used to, which is really just a huge bias. Just because “things have always been this way”, doesn’t mean it’s the best way. To move forward and to improve, we must be willing to abandon the old way. The only reason gas stations can be considered more convenient than charging an EV is because the network of gas stations has been built up over a century. And this impressive network of gas stations today also once had to go through the barrier of people who used to say “your car has to drive all the way to the gas station on the other side of town to refuel, but my horse can just stop on the side of the road and eat some grass”. Over time, EV charging infrastructure will be built out, probably even overtake gas stations, and charging a car will become as second nature as charging a phone. And yes, wirelessly too.
总结一下我对续航和充电的看法，我认为围绕电动汽车充电与在加油站加油有关的很多讨论和比较都是由于我们习惯了，这实际上是一个巨大的偏见。 仅仅因为“事情一直都是这样”，并不意味着这是最好的方式。 为了前进和改善，我们必须愿意放弃旧的方式。 可以认为加油站比给电动汽车充电更方便的唯一原因是，加油站网络已建立了一个多世纪。 如今，这个令人印象深刻的加油站网络曾经也不得不穿越人们的障碍，他们曾经说过：“您的汽车必须一直开车到小镇另一边的加油站加油，但我的马只能停下来在路边吃草”。 随着时间的流逝，电动汽车充电基础设施将得到建设，甚至可能超过加油站，对汽车充电将成为对电话充电的第二天性。 是的，也是无线的 。
方便 (Convenience)
As you’ll already know if you’ve read my first story, convenience is something that I value very highly. Most modern cars have pretty good technology and convenience features to make driving easy and comfortable, but there are just some things that are only possible with EVs, and after experiencing and getting used to them, I can’t imagine ever going back.
如您已经读过我的第一个故事，您已经知道，便捷性是我非常重视的事情。 大多数现代汽车都具有出色的技术和便捷功能，可以使驾驶变得轻松舒适，但是有些事情只有电动汽车才有可能实现，在经历并习惯了电动汽车之后，我无法想象会再回头。
I should note that there are a bunch of Tesla-specific features not mentioned here that are very cool and handy, but since this article is about the experience of EV ownership in general, I will only mention the benefits and differences that apply to all EVs.
我应该注意，这里没有提到很多特斯拉特有的功能，这些功能非常酷和方便，但是由于本文是关于电动车拥有权的总体经验，因此我仅提及适用于所有电动车的优点和区别。 。
Right off the bat, one of the most convenient things about EVs is being able to drive in HOV lanes by yourself. The amount of time I’ve saved by being able to drive right past the congested highway lanes on the way to work cannot be overstated.
马上，关于电动汽车最方便的事情之一就是能够自己在HOV车道上行驶。 我能够通过上班途中拥挤的高速公路车道节省的时间不能夸大。
On a similar note, many parking lots have EV only parking/charging spots, which are usually located in convenient areas close to the entrance.
同样，许多停车场都只有电动汽车的停车/充电点，通常位于靠近入口的便利区域。
Besides that, there’s also some useful quality of life improvements in the car itself. For example, being able to operate the car’s functions without an engine. Many newer cars (actually, even older cars can be retro-fitted with this) have a remote start feature, which turns on the engine and allows you to preheat or cool your car to make it more comfortable — a lifesaving feature in winter or summer. But the drawback to this is, with a traditional gas powered car, it wastes gas, generates unnecessary pollution, and creates toxic fumes, which is especially problematic if your car is in a garage. An EV can do all of this without the waste and pollution, and it can do it much more efficiently too, since there is no engine that heats up as it cools (which is pretty ironic if you think about it).
除此之外，汽车本身还可以改善生活质量。 例如，无需引擎即可操作汽车的功能。 许多较新的汽车(实际上甚至可以对较旧的汽车进行改装)都具有远程启动功能，该功能可启动发动机并允许您对汽车进行预热或冷却以使其更舒适-冬季或夏季具有救生功能。 但是这样做的缺点是，对于传统的汽油动力汽车，它会浪费气体，产生不必要的污染并产生有毒烟雾，如果您的汽车在车库里，这尤其成问题。 EV可以做到所有这些事情而不会造成浪费和污染，而且它也可以更加高效地进行，因为没有发动机在冷却时会发热(如果考虑的话，这非常具有讽刺意味)。
There’s also some pretty interesting interior differences in an EV vs a regular gas car. An obvious one is that EVs makes very little sound while driving. The only sounds actually produced by the car are a faint electric whir from the motors during rapid acceleration, and an equally faint pedestrian warning hum on the outside at low speeds. The lack of engine noise has two noticeable effects. At low speeds such as on normal city roads, driving is much quieter and more peaceful. At high speeds however, you will hear the wind and road noise (from the tires on pavement) much more audibly without the drone of the engine to drown it out. For those who enjoy the sound of a proper sports car engine, I’m sorry to say that your ears will be very disappointed if you drive an EV.
电动汽车与普通汽油车的内饰也存在一些非常有趣的差异。 显而易见的是，电动汽车在行驶时发出的声音很小。 汽车实际发出的唯一声音是在快速加速时电动机发出的微弱的电鸣声，以及低速时外部发出的同样微弱的嗡嗡声。 缺少发动机噪音有两个明显的影响。 在低速行驶时，例如在正常的城市道路上，行驶会更安静，更和平。 然而，在高速行驶时，您会听到风和道路噪音(人行道上的轮胎发出的噪音)，而无人驾驶发动机淹没了它。 对于那些喜欢使用适当的跑车发动机的声音的人，很遗憾地说，如果您驾驶电动汽车，您的耳朵会非常失望。
A less obvious interior difference, and potentially an unexpected one, is that the windshield sits much further away from your face. This is again because there is no engine in the front of the car, which allows both the windshield, and the interior in general, to extend farther forward than in a similarly sized gas car. The result is a more spacious and comfortable interior, which makes even smaller cars feel quite roomy on the inside.
一个不太明显的内部差异(可能是意料之外的差异)是，挡风玻璃的位置离您的脸更远。 再次是因为在汽车的前部没有发动机，这使得挡风玻璃和一般的内饰都比类似尺寸的汽油汽车向前延伸得更远。 结果是更宽敞，更舒适的内饰，这使甚至更小的汽车在内部也感觉宽敞。
And on the topic of space, a small but underrated quality of life improvement found in EVs is the rear seats. You know how most vehicles typically have three seats in the rear, but can really only seat two people comfortably because of that hump in the middle? EVs don’t have that.
在空间这一主题上，后排座椅是电动汽车中改善生活质量的一个小而低估的地方。 您知道大多数车辆通常在后排有三个座位，但是由于中间有驼峰，实际上只能容纳两个人吗？ 电动汽车没有。
My personal favourite convenience feature though, has to be one pedal driving. This might sound ridiculous, but every time I drive my car, I typically use the brakes no more than once or twice for the entire drive, whether it’s 5km to the grocery store, or a 300km leg on a road trip. This is because of regenerative braking, a feature that truly revolutionizes the way you drive.
我个人最喜欢的便利功能是踩踏板。 这听起来似乎很荒谬，但是每次开车时，整个行驶过程中，无论是距杂货店5公里还是旅途300公里，我通常都不会使用刹车一次或两次。 这是由于再生制动，该功能真正改变了您的驾驶方式。
And lastly, another major benefit that everyone can appreciate is reduced maintenance. There’s no regular oil changes or even any recommended routine checkups — the things that most cars typically require maintenance for simply don’t exist in an EV. Pretty much the only maintenance required is refilling the windshield washer fluid, rotating/changing tires, and…cleaning. Even the brake pads don’t need to be replaced that often because they don’t get used nearly as much thanks to regenerative braking as mentioned above. And below.
最后，每个人都可以欣赏到的另一个主要好处是减少了维护。 无需定期换油，甚至没有建议的例行检查-大多数汽车通常需要维护的东西根本就不在EV中。 几乎唯一需要维护的是重新填充挡风玻璃清洗液，旋转/更换轮胎以及……清洁。 甚至刹车片也不需要经常更换，因为如上所述，由于再生制动，它们的使用率不高。 和下面。
实际驾驶电动汽车有什么感觉？ (What is it like to actually drive an EV?)
As with any vehicle, gas powered or otherwise, the driving dynamics of every EV is going to be different with each specific model. For the most part, driving an EV is just like driving a gas car. However, there is one key difference that applies to all EVs.
与任何车辆(无论是汽油驱动的还是其他车辆)一样，每种电动汽车的行驶动力在每种特定型号下都会有所不同。 在大多数情况下，驾驶电动汽车就像驾驶汽油车一样。 但是，所有电动汽车都有一个主要区别。
Regenerative braking fundamentally changes the way you drive.
再生制动从根本上改变了您的驾驶方式。
The basic explanation of how regenerative braking works is that the same motors that drive the car (by receiving electrical power from the battery to turn the wheels) also act as electrical generators by slowing the car down and storing the energy as electricity instead of dissipating it as heat (like a normal friction brake does). In practice, it means that as soon as you let off the accelerator, the car’s motors will automatically begin to reduce speed quite noticeably until it comes to a complete stop, and this will recharge the battery slightly. While driving downhill, an EV will actually gain range.
再生制动如何工作的基本解释是，驱动汽车的相同电动机(通过从电池接收电能来转动车轮)还通过降低汽车减速速度并将能量存储为电能而不是耗散电能来充当发电机。就像热量一样(就像普通的摩擦制动器一样)。 实际上，这意味着一旦您松开油门，汽车的电动机就会自动开始明显减速，直到完全停止为止，这将为电池稍微充电。 虽然下坡行驶，在EV将实际增益范围。
One pedal driving can definitely take a while to get used to, but once you’re used to it, you’ll find that driving becomes much easier and smoother. Depending on the car and the settings, regen braking can be roughly as powerful as normal friction brakes, so you can still come to a stop safely, gradually, and from a normal distance.
一次踏板驾驶肯定要花一段时间才能习惯，但是一旦习惯了，您就会发现驾驶变得更加轻松和顺畅。 根据汽车和设置的不同，再生制动的功能与普通摩擦制动大致相同，因此您仍可以安全，逐渐和正常的距离停车。
However, one consequence of regen braking is that there’s no such thing as coasting in an EV, because again, as soon as you release the accelerator, the car will begin to slow down immediately. So on long stretches of road, such as a highway, in order to maintain a constant speed, you will either have to apply slight pressure to the accelerator at all times, or use cruise control.
但是，再生制动的一个结果是，EV中不会出现惯性滑行，因为同样，一旦松开加速器，汽车就会立即开始减速。 因此，在较长的道路上(例如高速公路)，为了保持恒定的速度，您将不得不始终向油门施加轻微压力，或者使用巡航控制。
For some people, having to constantly keep your foot on the pedal can be quite annoying or even tiring. In my opinion, this is definitely the biggest difference in driving an EV vs driving a gas car, and I can see some people never being able to get used to this. Luckily though, most EVs allow you to adjust the level of regenerative braking, and at lower levels, it should make acclimatizing much easier.
对于某些人而言，必须不断将脚踩在踏板上可能会很烦，甚至很累。 以我的观点，这绝对是驾驶电动汽车与驾驶汽油汽车的最大区别，而且我可以看到有些人永远无法适应这一点。 幸运的是，大多数电动汽车都允许您调整再生制动的水平，而在较低的水平上，它应该使适应更加容易。
For me personally, I’ve long gotten used to regenerative braking and it’s no longer something that I think about at all while driving. I also use Autopilot whenever I can, which removes this problem entirely (while introducing some other ones) but that’s another story.
就我个人而言，我早已习惯了再生制动，而在开车时我已经不再考虑它了。 我也尽可能使用Autopilot，这可以完全消除此问题(同时引入其他一些问题)，但这是另一回事了。
The weirdest part about regen braking however, is driving in reverse. For example, when reverse parking, I think most people are used to letting the car slowly creep backwards by itself with the transmission in R and using the brakes to control the speed. In an EV, you’ll need to step on the accelerator very gently instead. Again, this one will take some time to get used to, and I can see some people not liking it at first, but once you eventually adjust, it actually makes driving much easier. And it saves your brakes.
然而，关于再生制动的最奇怪的部分是倒车行驶。 例如，在倒车时，我认为大多数人都习惯于通过R的变速箱并使用制动器控制速度来让汽车缓慢缓慢地向后爬行。 在电动汽车中，您需要非常缓慢地踩油门。 同样，这需要一段时间才能习惯，我可以看到有些人起初并不喜欢它，但是一旦您最终进行了调整，它实际上会使驾驶变得更加容易。 而且可以节省您的刹车。
Other than regenerative braking, everything else about driving an EV is the mostly same as driving a gas car, just without the engine noise, and also with no gear changes (unless you’re in a Porsche Taycan, which has two gears). The performance and “feel” will vary from car to car, and how much you like it is completely subjective. EVs are typically a bit heavier than comparable gas cars, thanks to the battery, but that same heavy battery also lowers the centre of gravity. But again, the overall feeling will depend on the specific car.
除了再生制动外，驾驶电动汽车的其他所有方面都与驾驶汽油车基本相同，只是没有发动机噪音，也没有换档(除非您使用的保时捷Taycan有两个档位)。 汽车的性能和“感觉”会因汽车而异，您对它的满意程度完全是主观的。 得益于电池，电动汽车通常比同类汽油车重一些，但同样重的电池也降低了重心。 但同样，总体感觉将取决于具体的汽车。
On the note of performance, it’s important to point out that another thing all EVs have in common is instant torque. So however much torque the car has, all of it is available any time you step on the accelerator — no waiting to downshift gears, no ideal RPM zone. This means that in day to day life, you will never feel that an EV is too slow or that performance is inadequate.
关于性能，重要的是要指出所有电动汽车的另一个共同点是即时扭矩。 因此，无论汽车有多大的扭矩，踩踏油门时都可以使用所有这些功能-无需等待降档，也没有理想的RPM区域。 这意味着在日常生活中，您永远不会觉得EV太慢或性能不足。
I do find myself driving probably a bit faster on steep uphills, and I think this is because unlike in previous gas cars that I’ve driven, I can’t hear or feel the engine struggle while climbing the hill. Even in our previous SUV which had more than enough power, I remember the engine would still growl loudly while going up hills, which would in turn deter me from going any faster. But in an EV, there’s no engine noise or struggle from the motors at all, so it’s very effortless to just step on the accelerator and go.
我确实发现自己在陡峭的山坡上驾驶可能快了一点，这是因为与我以前驾驶的汽油车不同，我在爬坡时听不到或感觉不到发动机的挣扎。 即使在我们以前的SUV中，它的动力也足够强大，我记得引擎在爬坡时仍会发出巨大的咆哮声，这反过来又阻止了我更快地行驶。 但是在电动汽车中，根本没有引擎噪音或马达发出的挣扎，因此踩下油门踏板就很容易了。
That’s about the extent of my knowledge on driving dynamics. In summary, regenerative braking is a major shift and will take a while to get used to, but in combination with instant torque, EVs are generally pretty easy and fun to drive. I can’t comment much on track and racing performance (other than straight line acceleration is very good in the Model 3) because I don’t have any first hand experience, but I’m sure the high end performance focused EVs can hold their ground pretty well on the track.
那就是我对驾驶动态的了解程度。 总而言之，再生制动是一项重大转变，需要一段时间才能习惯，但结合即时扭矩，电动汽车通常非常容易驾驶。 我对赛道和赛车性能的评价不高(除了Model 3的直线加速性能非常好)，因为我没有任何亲身经历，但是我敢肯定，以高端性能为导向的EV可以保持其性能在赛道上打得很好。
对环境造成的影响 (Environmental impact)
As I was doing my initial research on EVs, and even throughout these past few years as I occasionally read and hear general discussions about EVs, I’ve seen an alarming amount of “reports” and comments from people that suggest that the net environmental impact of an EV is actually worse than a traditional internal combustion engine gas powered vehicle.
在我进行电动汽车的初步研究时，甚至在过去几年间，我偶尔阅读并听到有关电动汽车的一般性讨论时，我看到了令人震惊的“报告”和人们的评论，这些评论和建议暗示了对环境的净影响的EV的实际上是比传统的内燃机气体动力车辆更糟 。
This is unequivocally false. It has been thoroughly debunked by numerous credible scientific sources and it is not controversial.
这无疑是错误的。 它已被众多可靠的科学资料彻底揭穿，并且没有争议。
I won’t bore you with the details, but if you are interested in the subject, I implore you to do some quick research and you’ll quickly find that even in the most skewed hypothetical scenarios against EVs, they still come out ahead on environmental impact/benefits. And in most normal circumstances, they are far and away better for the environment, and our health and wellbeing.
我不会给您带来任何细节，但是，如果您对这个主题感兴趣，我恳请您进行一些快速研究，您会很快发现，即使在针对电动汽车的最不正确的假设场景中 ，它们仍然会领先环境影响/利益。 在大多数正常情况下，它们对环境，我们的健康和福祉都远非如此。
Here are a couple sources to get you started.
以下是一些入门资料。
It’s difficult to overstate the environmental benefits of switching to EVs. A lot of people have the despondent attitude that their solitary actions are ultimately futile if everyone else doesn’t also participate, but in this case, even just one person switching from a gas car to an EV will have a considerable difference on that person’s health and quality of life.
很难夸大改用电动汽车对环境的好处。 许多人抱有沮丧的态度，认为如果其他所有人都不参加，他们的孤独行动最终将是徒劳的，但是在这种情况下，即使只有一个人从汽油车换成电动汽车，其健康状况也会有很大的不同。和生活质量。
For one, you no longer have to visit gas stations, and so you avoid much of the direct fumes and gasoline smell from there. And even at home, eliminating exhaust from gasoline powered vehicles lessens the strain on your HVAC system and lowers carbon dioxide levels in your garage and the surrounding areas. At the very least, you don’t need to breathe in your own car exhaust ever again!
首先，您无需再访问加油站，因此可以避免那里的大量直接烟气和汽油味。 甚至在家里，消除汽油动力车辆的废气也可以减轻HVAC系统的压力，并降低车库和周边地区的二氧化碳水平。 至少，您不需要再呼吸自己的汽车尾气！
And if everyone else does also join in, the effects can be extremely drastic in an impressively short period of time.
如果其他人一样也加入进来，产生的效果将在时间赫然短时间内非常激烈 。
安全 (Safety)
Similar to the above, it seems like there is also a lot of misinformation about the safety of EVs. I do understand the general sentiment that there is always an element of risk that comes with any relatively new technology. However, fear of risk is mostly caused by lack of knowledge, and fortunately, there is plenty of science to explain the safety and the dangers of vehicles, both battery powered and gas powered.
与上述类似，电动汽车的安全性似乎也有很多误导。 我的确理解普遍的看法，即任何相对较新的技术都会带来一定的风险。 但是，对风险的恐惧主要是由缺乏知识引起的，幸运的是，有很多科学可以解释电池供电和汽油驱动的车辆的安全性和危险性。
The short of it is, an EV is no more likely to spontaneously combust than an internal combustion engine vehicle (in fact, it’s less likely — despite all the sensationalist news headlines telling you otherwise), and when a battery catches on fire, it usually spreads slowly instead of exploding instantly.
简而言之，电动汽车比内燃机汽车更不可能自燃(事实上，尽管所有耸人听闻的新闻头条都告诉您，它的可能性较小 )，并且当电池着火时，通常传播缓慢而不是立即爆炸。
On a Tesla specific note, the Model 3, S, and X (in that order) have the lowest probability of crash related injury out of every passenger vehicle ever tested by NHSTA (open the attachment to view the calculated overall safety scores in column O on the last tab — lower is better).
在特斯拉的特定注释上，在NHSTA测试过的每辆乘用车中， Model 3，S和X(按顺序排列)发生与碰撞相关的伤害的可能性最低 (打开附件以查看计算的总体安全性得分，列O在最后一个标签上-越低越好)。
Life pro tip: this, along with “do you want to poison our kids with CO₂” is a great way to convince a spouse/SO/family member to buy a Tesla.
生活小贴士：这以及“您想用二氧化碳来毒害我们的孩子吗”是说服配偶/ SO /家庭成员购买特斯拉的好方法。
经济学 (Economics)
EVs are still quite expensive. There’s no two ways about it. And it’s a major downside.
电动汽车仍然相当昂贵。 没有两种方法。 这是一个主要的缺点。
While there are many government incentive programs to encourage EV adoption, there are still way more cheaper options for gas gars compared to EVs, even including all those incentives. EV prices are starting to come down slowly, but as of 2020, the cost of entry for EV ownership is still relatively high, and unfortunately out of reach for many people.
尽管有许多鼓励电动汽车采用的政府激励计划，但与电动汽车相比，还有很多更便宜的煤气罐车选择，甚至包括所有这些激励措施。 电动汽车的价格开始缓慢下降，但截至2020年，电动汽车拥有者的进入成本仍然相对较高，不幸的是许多人无法承受。
The only potential economical benefit of EVs is long term cost of ownership. It’s much cheaper to operate an EV compared to a gas car, because of significantly reduced maintenance and cheaper charging vs gas. Basically the farther you drive an EV, the more savings you will realize. Based on my driving habits, I save around $2000 in gas per year — which is a lot, but not enough to justify buying such an expensive car.
电动汽车的唯一潜在经济利益是长期拥有成本。 与汽油车相比，电动汽车的运营成本要便宜得多，这是因为维护成本大大降低，并且与汽油相比，充电成本更低。 基本上，您驾驶EV越远，您将实现的节省就越多。 根据我的驾驶习惯，我每年可以节省约2000美元的油费-虽然很多，但不足以证明购买如此昂贵的汽车是合理的。
One important bit that I think needs to be clarified is, contrary to popular belief/fear, you don’t need to replace the entire battery pack in an EV after a few years. And it’s not nearly as expensive as you might think. Usually when there is an issue with the battery holding charge or losing capacity, it is only a specific cell that is affected, and not the entire pack. Although EVs in general are still quite “young” and there isn’t enough long term data, the empirical data that we do have indicates that even the early batteries (which are much less advanced than modern batteries) are holding up very well. Also, warranties exist.
我认为需要澄清的重要一点是，与普遍的看法/恐惧相反，几年后，您无需在EV中更换整个电池组。 而且它并不像您想象的那样昂贵。 通常，当电池存在充电或容量不足的问题时，受影响的只是一个特定的电池，而不是整个电池组。 虽然在一般的电动车还比较“年轻”，并没有足够的长期数据，经验数据，我们确实有显示，即使是早期的电池(这是比现代先进的电池少得多)都拿着非常好 。 同样，存在担保。
结论 (Conclusion)
It’s 2020 now — EVs are no longer just a gimmick for tech enthusiasts or an expensive toy for the rich. Millions of happy customers and billions of kilometres driven have proven the viability of EVs, but there are still some obstacles to overcome before EVs become suitable for everyone.
现在是2020年-电动车不再只是技术爱好者的a头，还是富人的昂贵玩具。 数以百万计的满意客户和数十亿公里的行驶里程已证明了电动汽车的可行性，但在电动汽车变得适合所有人之前，仍然需要克服一些障碍。
In my opinion, the single biggest thing holding us back from wider and faster EV adoption is misinformation, or lack of information.
我认为，阻碍我们更广泛，更快地采用电动汽车的最大原因是错误的信息或缺乏信息。
All of the other problems, such as the high up front cost and insufficient charging infrastructure, will be solved in due time by technological advancements. Battery costs will come down, we can earn more money (🙂) and we can build more charging stations. These things can all happen relatively quickly — within the span of a few years. But none of that matters if people don’t buy in to it. The far bigger problem is, a lot of people dismiss even the thought of owning an EV simply because they think there’s still a lot of unknowns, and that lack of knowledge makes the idea of EV ownership seem daunting. And unfortunately this isn’t helped by car dealerships who, in my experience, are equally uninformed about EVs, and are also heavily incentivized to continue selling more gasoline cars instead, because they are much easier to sell and more profitable.
所有其他问题，例如高昂的前期成本和不足的充电基础设施，将通过技术进步适时解决。 电池成本将下降，我们可以赚更多的钱(🙂)，我们可以建造更多的充电站。 这些事情都可以在几年内相对快速地发生。 但是，如果人们不买账，那都不重要。 更大的问题是，很多人甚至认为拥有一辆电动汽车只是因为他们认为仍然有许多未知数，而知识的匮乏使他们对电动汽车拥有的想法望而却步。 不幸的是，根据我的经验，汽车经销商对电动汽车一无所知，也没有动力，因为他们更容易销售且更有利可图，因此他们也被激励继续销售更多的汽油车。
The reality is, there is a ton of information out there about real world EV ownership, and hopefully my small contribution can help add a bit as well. Once you get past all of the uncertainty and fear of the unknown, hopefully you can see that the future of transportation is not so distant after all. As I said in the very beginning, not everything about EVs is perfect, but it is still going to be the future — gasoline cars are literally being legislated out in many parts of the world.
现实情况是，那里有大量有关现实世界电动汽车所有权的信息，希望我的一小笔贡献也能有所帮助。 一旦您克服了所有不确定性和对未知的恐惧，希望您可以看到运输的未来并不是那么遥远。 正如我在开始时所说的那样，并非电动汽车的所有功能都完美无缺，但仍将是未来–汽油车在世界许多地方都已被立法禁止 。
It’s pretty cool that we are currently living through a major inflection point in the history of transportation. During this transition period, we have a choice. You can either continue holding on to the twilight years of the past, or you can embrace the future today — as long as you have a 240v outlet at home.
我们目前正经历着运输史上的一个重要转折点，这真是太酷了。 在这个过渡时期，我们可以选择。 您可以继续坚持过去的暮光之年，也可以拥抱今天的未来-只要您在家中拥有240v电源插座即可。
Oh, and like any self respecting Tesla owner, I can’t just write an entire article about EVs and not shamelessly share my referral code, so here it is. Unfortunately as a resident of BC, I as the referrer don’t get any rewards due to this stupid law that we have here, but you can still use my link to get 1500km of free supercharging.
噢，就像任何自尊自大的特斯拉车主一样，我不能只写整篇有关电动汽车的文章，也不能无耻地分享我的推荐代码，所以就在这里 。 不幸的是，作为卑诗省的居民，由于我们这里的愚蠢法律 ，作为推荐人，我没有得到任何回报，但是您仍然可以使用我的链接获得1500公里的免费增压。
翻译自: https://medium.com/@lzykevin/my-thoughts-after-3-years-of-daily-driving-evs-881920b028c4
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