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In mid-September of 2019, Violet, a friend of mine, was jolted awake by a sound every activist dreads: the police door knock. She hoped they would just go away, but the pounding spread across the house. “One of the officers started whacking my roommates’ air conditioning unit with a broom handle,” she recalled.
在 2019年9月中旬，我的一个朋友紫罗兰被每个激进分子恐惧的声音惊醒：警察门被敲门。 她希望他们能走开，但是重重的声音传遍了整个房子。 她回忆说：“其中一名警官开始用扫帚把柄殴打我室友的空调装置。”
When she opened the door, Rhode Island State Police officers told her she was under arrest and transported her to the police barracks in Lincoln, Rhode Island for interrogation. She was ultimately charged with disorderly conduct for allegedly throwing fluids on a white supremacist during the alt-right’s “Resist Marxism” rally in Providence about a year before.
当她打开门时，罗德岛州警察告诉她她已被捕，并把她送往罗德岛林肯的警察营房进行讯问。 最终，她因涉嫌在一年前在普罗维登斯(Providence)举行的右翼右翼“抵抗马克思主义”集会上向白人至上主义者投掷液体而被指控犯有不当行为。
Little did she know, the police had been watching her for weeks prior to the arrest. This was revealed during the court’s discovery process, when the government turned over a file one might expect for a serial killer, not a protester: Hundreds of photos they claimed showed her at the demonstration, drone footage of the protest, call logs, at least one day of home surveillance that documented her and her roommates’ license plates and bumper stickers, and conversations between police and anonymous informants.
她一无所知，在被捕之前，警察一直在监视她。 这是在法院的发现过程中发现的，当时政府上交了一个人们可能期望成为连环杀手的文件，而不是抗议者：他们声称在示威游行中展示了数百张照片，抗议的无人机镜头，通话记录，至少有一天进行家庭监视，记录下她和她的室友的车牌和保险杠贴纸，以及警察和匿名举报人之间的谈话。
The discovery process also revealed a search warrant police sent to Facebook’s Law Enforcement Response Team (LERT), an obscure unit within Facebook that handles law enforcement requests for Facebook and Instagram data.
发现过程还显示警方派出了搜查令 Facebook的执法响应小组(LERT)是Facebook内部的一个默默无闻的部门，负责处理对Facebook和Instagram数据的执法请求。
Without Violet’s consent or knowledge, several weeks prior to her arrest, Facebook had handed over her private Messenger content, GPS location data, billing records, associated cell phones, and friend requests.
在未经Violet同意或不知情的情况下，Facebook在被捕前几周已移交了她的私人Messenger内容，GPS位置数据，账单记录，关联的手机以及朋友的请求。
Violet said the scope of the surveillance put her in “a total state of paranoia.”
紫罗兰说，监视范围使她处于“完全的偏执状态”。
More than 10,000 people have been arrested during the recent Black Lives Matter revolt, and those organizing, marching, or otherwise attending the demonstrations could be similarly subject to such levels of surveillance.
中号矿比万人，最近黑生命物质反抗过程中被逮捕，这些组织，行军，或以其他方式参加示威活动可能会同样受到监视的这样的水平。
Although this sort of collaboration between Facebook and law enforcement is not common knowledge, the practice isn’t rare in the United States. Over the last five years, U.S. government requests for Facebook data have more than tripled. In 2015, American police requested data from 56,620 separate accounts; 80,443 in 2016; 105,905 in 2017; 134,150 in 2018; and 164,782 in 2019. (Facebook provided law enforcement with data in 88% of cases in 2019, a 9% increase from 2013.)
尽管Facebook与执法部门之间的这种合作不是常识，但这种做法在美国并不罕见。 在过去五年中，美国政府对Facebook数据的要求增加了两倍多。 2015年，美国警察从56,620个独立帐户中请求数据； 2016年为80,443; 2017年为105,905； 2018年为134,150; 2019年为164,782。(Facebook在2019年为执法部门提供了88％的数据，比2013年增加了9％。)
By contrast, Canadian law enforcement requested data from just 4,901 accounts last year, and the practice is uncommon in Europe.
相比之下，加拿大执法部门去年仅从4,901个帐户请求数据，而这种做法在欧洲并不常见。
In most cases, law enforcement sends Facebook a search warrant or a government-issued subpoena for data. But Facebook policy also allows for “emergency requests,” where the tech giant will voluntarily hand over data outside of the legal process when police claim a case involves death or “potential bodily harm.” Increasingly, law enforcement has taken advantage. In 2019, the government made 6,447 such “emergency requests,” compared to 6,000 in 2018 and 3,672 in 2017. Police submitted “preservation requests,” which operate outside of the legal process and preserve user data for 90 days, for more than 110,000 accounts in 2019.
在大多数情况下，执法部门会向Facebook发送搜查令或政府发出的传票以获取数据。 但是， Facebook政策还允许“紧急请求”，当警察声称案件涉及死亡或“潜在人身伤害”时，这家科技巨头将在法律程序之外自愿移交数据。 执法越来越多地利用了优势。 2019年，政府提出了6,447个此类“紧急请求”，而2018年为6,000个，2017年为3,672个。警察提交了“保存请求”，这些请求在法律程序之外运作，可将用户数据保存90天，拥有超过110,000个帐户在2019年。
It is relatively easy for law enforcement to make such requests. A lawyer seeking to exonerate a client using Facebook data must physically serve a subpoena to Facebook’s offices. Yet LERT, a unit which includes some former police officers, like its director, Scott Swantner, a retired secret service special agent and cybercrime investigator, offers law enforcement an online portal that makes requesting data online simple.
执法部门发出此类请求相对容易 。 寻求免除使用Facebook数据的客户的律师必须亲自向Facebook办公室传票。 但是LERT是一个由一些前警察组成的部门，例如其主任Scott Swantner (退休的特勤局特工和网络犯罪调查员)，它为执法人员提供了一个在线门户，使在线请求数据变得简单。
Through this portal, according to a Sacramento Sheriff’s guide to Facebook’s Law Enforcement Portal published in 2016, Facebook can hand over every bit of data, including users’ photo metadata (such as IP address and location information), advertisements clicked, applications added, deleted friends, facial recognition data, posts liked, searches made, deleted content, and even silly data, like “pokes.”
根据萨克拉曼多警长在2016年发布的 Facebook执法门户网站萨克拉曼多治安官指南，Facebook可以通过该门户网站交出所有数据，包括用户的照片元数据(例如IP地址和位置信息)，点击广告，添加，删除应用程序朋友，面部识别数据，喜欢的帖子，进行的搜索，删除的内容，甚至是愚蠢的数据(例如“戳”)。
Since Facebook is oftentimes barred from informing users of law enforcement data requests because of the Stored Communications Act, a 1986 law that addresses disclosure of electronic communications, the full scope of activist targeting is impossible to know. And police departments aren’t transparent about the practice. NYPD, for example, denied several OneZero public records requests that sought Facebook surveillance-related documents pertaining to several local activists, saying that if the records exist, disclosing them “would reveal non-routine criminal investigative techniques or procedures.”
由于1986年《存储通信法》 ( Stored Communications Act)解决了电子通信的公开问题，因此经常禁止Facebook向用户通知执法数据请求，因此无法知道以激进主义者为目标的全部范围。 警察部门对此做法并不透明。 例如，NYPD拒绝了几次OneZero公共记录请求，这些请求寻求与几名当地激进分子有关的Facebook监视相关文件，并说如果存在这些记录，则将其披露“将揭示非常规的刑事调查技术或程序”。
But activists have been targeted by such requests in several cases. In April 2017, University of Puerto Rico students went on a school-wide strike to protest the slashing of public services across the island. Dozens stormed and shut down a closed board meeting at the university to protest these policies. Two weeks later, in response, the island’s Department of Justice arrested and charged seven students with rioting, burglary, violating the right to assemble, aggravated restriction of freedom, and violence or intimidation against a public authority.
但是在某些情况下，维权人士已成为此类要求的目标。 2017年4月 ，波多黎各大学的学生在全校范围内举行罢工，抗议全岛削减公共服务。 数十人猛冲并关闭了大学的非公开董事会会议，以抗议这些政策。 两周后，作为回应，该岛的司法部逮捕了七名学生， 并指控他们骚乱，入室盗窃，侵犯了集会权，加剧了对自由的限制，并对公共机构施加了暴力或恐吓。
Following an investigation conducted by a House of Representatives member in the Puerto Rican Independence Party, a student media outlet that had recorded and live-streamed the demonstrations discovered that the island’s government had sent secretive, sweeping search warrants for its Facebook user data, seeking interactions over the course of the 72-hour period and information about the journalists who managed the pages.
在波多黎各独立党众议院议员进行的调查之后，记录并现场直播了示威游行的一个学生媒体发现该岛政府已为其Facebook用户数据发送了秘密的，广泛的搜查令，寻求互动。在72小时内，以及有关管理页面的记者的信息。
Roberto J. Nava Alsina, the former president of the media outlet Pulso Estudiantil UPR, learned that his data was among those targeted. Facebook handed over 1,500 pages of private messages, a “friend” list, and photos with their meta-data to law enforcement. Alsina told OneZero he “wasn’t surprised at all” that the government went to such lengths to surveil activists and the outlets but said he would have fought the warrant had Facebook alerted him.
媒体媒体Pulso Estudiantil UPR的前总裁Roberto J. Nava Alsina了解到他的数据属于目标人群。 Facebook向执法部门移交了1500页的私人消息，“朋友”列表以及带有元数据的照片。 阿尔西纳(Alsina)告诉OneZero，他“一点也不惊讶”，政府竭尽全力对活动人士和媒体进行监视，但他表示，如果Facebook通知他，他将与逮捕令进行斗争。
In 2017, law enforcement similarly requested Facebook data from several individuals who administered the ‘DisruptJ20,” Facebook page, a group that organized protests during Donald Trump’s inauguration, and from several individuals arrested during one of the demonstrations. That same year, police obtained a search warrant to surveil the Facebook page of a group protesting the Dakota Access Pipeline after they blocked Interstate 5 in Washington State for more than an hour.
2017年，执法部门同样要求管理“ DisruptJ20”的几名个人的Facebook数据 ，该组织在唐纳德·特朗普就职典礼期间组织抗议活动， 并要求其中几名示威者被捕 。 同年，在封锁华盛顿州5号州际公路超过一个小时之后，警察获得了搜查令，以监视抗议Dakota Access Pipeline的一个团体的Facebook页面。
These warrants drew harsh criticisms and legal challenges from the ACLU, which argued that they violated the First and Fourth amendments.
这些逮捕令引起了美国公民自由联盟的严厉批评和法律挑战 ，认为他们违反了第一和第四修正案。
Jerome Greco, supervising attorney of the Digital Forensics Unit at Legal Aid in New York City, told OneZero that in his experience, unjustified and overbroad electronic surveillance warrants are common.
纽约市法律援助局数字取证部门的监督律师杰罗姆·格雷科(Jerome Greco)告诉OneZero ，根据他的经验，不合理和过分的电子监视令很普遍。
“I can’t say for all judges and all situations, but for the most part I think it’s clear that most judges are signing away,” he said. “Judges are reluctant or don’t care enough to dig deep into whats going on and a number of them aren’t very knowledgable about the tech world, so they are concerned about asking too many questions and looking stupid or they rely on the officers or the detective or the DA, or whoever it may be, to explain to them.”
他说：“我不能对所有法官和所有情况都说，但在大多数情况下，我认为大多数法官都明确表示愿意辞职。” “法官们不愿或不太关心要深入研究发生的事情，而且其中许多人对科技界的知识不是很了解，因此他们担心问太多问题，看起来很愚蠢，或者他们依赖官员或侦探或DA，或者可能是谁，向他们解释。”
And, in some jurisdictions, police officers and detectives can shop around for lenient judges. “If a judge becomes known as someone who is quick to question you or is reluctant to sign something….all the sudden that judge gets a lot less requests for it,” Greco says.
而且，在某些司法管辖区，警务人员和侦探可以四处寻找宽大的法官。 格雷科说：“如果法官被称为是一个能快速质疑您或不愿签署某人的人……突然之间，法官的要求就会大大减少。”
Overbroad warrants can lead to privacy breaches for those not related to the alleged criminal conduct. Violet’s friend “Bee,” who wishes to remain anonymous fearing retaliation, conversed with Violet in a group chat that was handed over to the police. Bee told OneZero that she felt “betrayed and violated” when she found out the police had access to her conversations. Like Alsina, they said they would have fought against the privacy invasion if given the opportunity to do so.
对于与涉嫌犯罪行为无关的人，过分的手令可能导致侵犯隐私权。 Violet的朋友“ Bee”希望保持匿名以免遭到报复，并在移交给警察的群聊中与Violet交谈。 Bee告诉OneZero ，当她发现警察可以进行对话时，她感到“被背叛和侵犯”。 像阿尔西娜一样，他们说，如果有机会，他们将与侵犯隐私权作斗争。
The potential for privacy violations chills dissenting speech, Greco and other privacy advocates say. People who are dissatisfied with the state may be less willing to speak out, if they know the contents of their entire social media profile could be handed over to the government.
Greco和其他隐私倡导者说 ，侵犯隐私的可能性使反对者的言论感到冷静。 如果对国家不满的人知道可以将整个社交媒体资料的内容移交给政府，他们可能不愿意大声疾呼。
Violet decided the privacy breaches weren’t worth the risk, and deleted her account.
紫罗兰认为侵犯隐私行为不值得冒险，因此删除了她的帐户。
Despite the sweeping surveillance, nearly two years and many court appearances later, her case was dismissed with 20 hours of community service.
尽管进行了广泛的监视，近两年的时间和后来的多次出庭，但她的案子因社区服务20个小时而被驳回。
She hopes for some kind of alternative to Facebook. But she still recognizes the platform’s current value for activists, especially in the digital age of the pandemic. “I’m not sure it [the solution] is as simple as saying activists shouldn’t use Facebook,” she said. “I don’t think we can afford to narrow the scope of our outreach at this time. That’s unfortunately a really shitty trade-off.”
她希望能找到一种替代Facebook的方式。 但是她仍然认识到该平台对于激进主义者的当前价值，尤其是在大流行的数字时代。 她说：“我不确定[解决方案]是否像说激进分子不应该使用Facebook那样简单。” “我认为目前我们无力缩小推广范围。 不幸的是，这是一个很糟糕的折衷。”
“We just need to be smarter and we need to be stronger,” she said. “There’s no simple answer to use it or not use it.”
她说：“我们只需要变得更聪明，我们就需要变得更强大。” “使用或不使用它没有简单的答案。”
Greco’s advice is to assume that anything put in the electronic sphere could be accessed by the government. “The most important thing for people is knowing what the choice actually is and being properly informed, then they can make that decision themselves.”
Greco的建议是假设政府可以访问电子领域中的任何内容。 “对于人们来说，最重要的事情是知道实际的选择并得到适当的通知，然后他们才能自己做出决定。”
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