正态总体抽样分布推导_抽样分数和总体

正态总体抽样分布推导

Survey research concerns taking samples of a target population. Using those samples, we can estimate the views of that population.

调查研究涉及对目标人群进行抽样。 使用这些样本，我们可以估计该人群的观点。

This article looks at sampling fractions and the issue of finite populations.

本文研究抽样分数和有限总体的问题。

采样分数 (Sampling fraction)

In a simple survey, the sampling fraction is the ratio of the sample size to the population size. For example: in a population of 56m adults, a simple random sample of 2,000 adults has a sampling fraction of 0.0036%.

在简单的调查中，抽样分数是样本数量与人口数量之比。 例如：在一个5600万成年人口中，一个2,000个成年人的简单随机样本的抽样比例为0.0036％。

There may be misunderstandings that sampling fractions measure how representative the survey is. In a recent Policy Exchange report, the methods section stated:

可能会有一些误解，认为抽样分数衡量了调查的代表性。 在最近的政策交流报告中，方法部分指出：

The sample consists of 820 respondents (484 currently employed and 336 retired; average age of current academics is 49 and of those retired is 70). Given the approximately 217,000 academic staff working in British universities in 2018–19, our sample is proportionately many times larger than a conventional opinion survey (typically a sample of 1,500 across a national population of 60m). As such our data has a good claim to being representative of the wider academic population even though, as with all opinion surveys, there is a margin of error in the results.

样本由820位受访者组成(目前有484位已退休，336位已退休；当前学者的平均年龄为49岁，退休人员的平均年龄为70岁)。 鉴于2018-19年度在英国大学工作的大约217,000名学术人员，我们的样本比例是传统民意调查(通常是6,000万全国人口中的1,500名)的许多倍。 因此，尽管像所有民意调查一样