周期三角波傅里叶级数例题_傅里叶分析总结（1）：周期函数的傅里叶级数

本系列旨在对傅里叶分析的一些定义和定理作出总结。第一章是关於一维周期函数的傅里叶级数。

所有定理只会给出证明概述甚至略去证明。

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Definition

Identify

with

.

The Fourier coefficients of an integrable periodic function

are given by

The sequence of Fourier coefficients

is called the Fourier transform of

.

The

th-partial Fourier sum is given by

Theorem

If

and

for all

, then

a.e.

Proof:

If

is continuous and

, then

on some closed interval

. Construct a sequence of trigonometric polynomials

such that

on

but

on

, then

, contradicting

. Thus,

.

If

, apply the previous paragraph to the absolutely continuous function

. Note that

and

a.e.

A much shorter proof would be using Stone-Weierstrass theorem. Note that the linear span of trigonometric polynomials forms a subalgebra that separates points and contains constants. Also,

is dense in

by Lusin theorem.

Riemann-Lebesgue Lemma

If

, then

, and the convergence is uniform on compact sets, i.e. if

is compact, then

.

Proof:

If

is continuous, use

and uniform continuity. If

, approximate

by continuous functions in

-norm.

Corollary

Let

be the space of (two-sided) sequences vanishing at infinity. The Fourier transform

is a linear operator from

to

.

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卷积是傅里叶分析中最重要的工具，研究它的性质是傅里叶分析中重要的一环。

Lemma

Let

.

1. For almost every
   , the function
   is
   -integrable.
2. The function
   is
   -integrable.

Proof: Fubini Theorem.

Definition

The convolution on circle is the bilinear operator

defined by

for

Corollary

The convolution has the following properties:

Definition

The

-norm on

is given by

for all

.

Young's Convolution Inequality

1. If
   and
   , then
   is continuous.
2. If
   and
   , then
   and
   .

Example

1. The partial Fourier series can be written as
   , where
   is the Dirichlet kernel.
2. The Cesàro mean
   can be written as
   , where
   is the Fejér kernel.
3. For
   , the Abel mean
   can be written as
   , where
   is the Poisson kernel.

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接下来会讨论傅里叶级数的逐点收敛、一致收敛和绝对收敛。

Definition

The sine integral function

is defined by

for all

Lemma

The sine integral function has the following properties:

1. .
2. attains its global maximum at
   .

Lemma

For any constant

, we have

Dini Test

If there exist

and

such that

, then

Proof:

Use Riemann-Lebesgue lemma repeatedly. Note that the function

is bounded and continuous on

.

Corollary

If

is of bounded variation on a neighbourhood of

, then

In particular, if

is piecewise smooth on

, then

for all

.

Corollary

converges uniformly to

if

satisfies any one of the following conditions:

• is of bounded variation and continuous, or
• is
  -Hölder continuous of order
  .

Riemann Localization Principle

If

is identically zero on an open interval

, then

converges uniformly to zero on any closed interval

.

Lemma

converges absolutely if and only if

. If

and

, then

converges uniformly to a continuous function

and

a.e.

Proof: Weierstrass M-test.

Lemma

If

are absolutely continuous , then

Proof:

Use integration by parts repeatedly. Note that

by absolute continuity, so

is bounded.

Hausdorff-Young Inequality

If

and

, then

and

.

Proof: Riesz-Thorin interpolation.

Theorem

converges absolutely and uniformly to

if

satisfies any one of the following conditions:

• is absolutely continuous and
  for some
  , or
• is of bounded variation and
  -Hölder continuous of order
  , or
• is
  -Hölder continuous of order
  (
  Bernstein's theorem).

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为了讨论

收敛，要先引入approximate identity的概念。

Definition

Let

be an directed set. An approximate identity on circle indexed by

is a family of integrable functions

that satisfies the following:

1. , and
2. there exists
   such that for all
   ,
   , and
3. for all
   ,
   .

Lemma

Let

be an approximate identity on circle. Suppose

and

exist at some

. If any one of the following conditions is satisfied:

• , or
• and for all
  ,
  ,

then

.

Theorem

Let

be an approximate identity on circle.

1. If
   is continuous, then
   converges uniformly to
   .
2. If
   and
   , then
   converges in
   to
   .
3. If
   and
   , then
   in weak* topology, i.e.
   .

Example

1. The Fejér kernel
   and Poisson kernel
   are approximate identities.
2. The Dirichlet kernel
   is NOT an approximate identity, since
   .

Remark

The Fejér kernel gives another proof that

is uniquely determined by its Fourier coefficients. On the one hand,

converges in

to

since

is an approximate identity. On the other hand,

is uniquely determined by

.

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最後会讨论傅里叶级数的

收敛。

Definition

The

-inner product on

is given by

for all

.

Note that

.

Theorem

The Fourier transform

is a Hilbert space isomorphism

. In particular, we have the

Parseval's identity:

for all

.

Proof:

Since

a.e. whenever

for all

,

is a complete orthonormal basis for the separable Hilbert space

. The rest is just standard Hilbert space theory.

Theorem

Let

and

.

1. converges in
   to
   (
   Bochner-Riesz theorem).
2. converges pointwise a.e. to
   (
   Carleson's theorem).

Lemma

The Fourier partial sum, considered as an operator either on continuous functions

or on integrable functions

, is a bounded linear operator with operator norm

.

Theorem

1. For any
   , the set
   is a dense
   -subset of
   .
2. The set
   is a dense
   -subset of
   .
3. There exists
   such that
   diverges pointwise everywhere.

Proof:

The first two parts are proved by applying the uniform boundedness principle to the unbounded sequence of operators

. The third part is an example constructed by Kolmogorov.

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本章完。

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