本系列旨在对傅里叶分析的一些定义和定理作出总结。第一章是关於一维周期函数的傅里叶级数。
所有定理只会给出证明概述甚至略去证明。
Definition
Identify
The Fourier coefficients of an integrable periodic function
The sequence of Fourier coefficients
The
Theorem
If
Proof:
If
If
A much shorter proof would be using Stone-Weierstrass theorem. Note that the linear span of trigonometric polynomials forms a subalgebra that separates points and contains constants. Also,
Riemann-Lebesgue Lemma
If
Proof:
If
Corollary
Let
卷积是傅里叶分析中最重要的工具,研究它的性质是傅里叶分析中重要的一环。
Lemma
Let
- For almost every
, the function
is
-integrable.
- The function
is
-integrable.
-
Proof: Fubini Theorem.
Definition
The convolution on circle is the bilinear operator
Corollary
The convolution has the following properties:
Definition
The
Young's Convolution Inequality
- If
and
, then
is continuous.
- If
and
, then
and
.
Example
- The partial Fourier series can be written as
, where
is the Dirichlet kernel.
- The Cesàro mean
can be written as
, where
is the Fejér kernel.
- For
, the Abel mean
can be written as
, where
is the Poisson kernel.
接下来会讨论傅里叶级数的逐点收敛、一致收敛和绝对收敛。
Definition
The sine integral function
Lemma
The sine integral function has the following properties:
-
.
-
attains its global maximum at
.
Lemma
For any constant
Dini Test
If there exist
Proof:
Use Riemann-Lebesgue lemma repeatedly. Note that the function
is bounded and continuous on
Corollary
If
In particular, if
Corollary
-
is of bounded variation and continuous, or
-
is
-Hölder continuous of order
.
Riemann Localization Principle
If
Lemma
Proof: Weierstrass M-test.
Lemma
If
Proof:
Use integration by parts repeatedly. Note that
Hausdorff-Young Inequality
If
Proof: Riesz-Thorin interpolation.
Theorem
-
is absolutely continuous and
for some
, or
-
is of bounded variation and
-Hölder continuous of order
, or
-
is
-Hölder continuous of order
(
为了讨论
Definition
Let
-
, and
- there exists
such that for all
,
, and
- for all
,
.
Lemma
Let
-
, or
-
and for all
,
,
then
Theorem
Let
- If
is continuous, then
converges uniformly to
.
- If
and
, then
converges in
to
.
- If
and
, then
in weak* topology, i.e.
.
Example
- The Fejér kernel
and Poisson kernel
are approximate identities.
- The Dirichlet kernel
is NOT an approximate identity, since
.
Remark
The Fejér kernel gives another proof that
最後会讨论傅里叶级数的
Definition
The
Note that
Theorem
The Fourier transform
Proof:
Since
Theorem
Let
-
converges in
to
(
-
converges pointwise a.e. to
(
Lemma
The Fourier partial sum, considered as an operator either on continuous functions
Theorem
- For any
, the set
is a dense
-subset of
.
- The set
is a dense
-subset of
.
- There exists
such that
diverges pointwise everywhere.
Proof:
The first two parts are proved by applying the uniform boundedness principle to the unbounded sequence of operators
本章完。
下一章:傅里叶分析总结(2):Banach代数、测度的傅里叶系数