定积分之几种常见曲线

弧微分的基本公式：$$(ds{)}^2=(dx{)}^2+(dy{)}^2，$$其中：
（1）设$$L：y=f(x)，则ds=\sqrt{1+f{}^{\prime }{}^2(x)}dx；\text{（}公式1-1）$$
（2）设$$L:\{\begin{array}{l}x=\varphi (t),\\ y=\psi (t)，\end{array}则ds=\sqrt{\varphi {}^{\prime }{}^2(t)+\psi {}^{\prime }{}^2(t)}dt；\text{（}公式1-2）$$
（3）设$$L：r=r(\theta )，则ds=\sqrt{r^2(\theta )+r{}^{\prime }{}^2(\theta )}d\theta ；\text{（}公式1-3）$$

定积分的几何应用
1.面积
(1)$$\begin{gathered} 设D由y=f(x)\ge 0，x=a及x=b(a<b)围成， \\ 则D的面积为A={\int }_a^{b}f(x)dx\text{（}公式1-4) \end{gathered}$$

(2)$$\begin{gathered} 设D是由r=r(\theta )(\alpha \le \theta \le \beta )围成，则用元素法求D的面积，如下： \\ 取d\theta \subset [\alpha ，\beta ]，则dA=\frac{1}{2}{r}^2(\theta )d\theta ， \\ 于是D的面积为A=\frac{1}{2}{\int }_{\alpha }^{\beta }{r}^2(\theta )d\theta \text{（}公式1-5) \end{gathered}$$

(旋转曲面的面积)
$$\begin{gathered} 设L:y=f(x)(a\le x\le b)，则L绕x轴旋转所得旋转体侧面积的求法如下： \\ 取[x,x+dx]\subset [a，b]，则dA=2\pi \cdot |f(x)|ds，于是侧面积为 \\ A=2\pi {\int }_a^b|f(x)|ds=2\pi {\int }_a^b|f(x)|\cdot \sqrt{1+f{}^{\prime }{}^2(x)}dx\text{（}公式1-6) \end{gathered}$$

2.体积
(1)$$\begin{gathered} 设L：y=f(x)(a\le x\le b)，则L与x轴围成的图形绕x轴旋转一周所得旋转体的体积为 \\ {V}_x=\pi \cdot {\int }_a^b{f}^2(x)dx\text{（}公式1-7) \end{gathered}$$
(2)$$\begin{gathered} L：y=f(x)(a\le x\le b)，则L与x轴围成的图形绕y轴旋转一周所得旋转体的体积为 \\ {V}_y=2\pi \cdot {\int }_a^b|x|\cdot |f(x)|dx\text{（}公式1-8) \end{gathered}$$
(3)$$\begin{gathered} 极坐标系下绕极轴旋转一周旋转体体积公式为 \\ V=\frac{2}{3}\pi {\int }_{\alpha }^{\beta }{r}^3(\theta )\cdot \sin \theta d\theta \text{（}公式1-9) \end{gathered}$$
极坐标系下绕极轴旋转一周旋转体体积公式推导

一、摆线

极坐标或参数形式：
$$\{\begin{array}{l}x=a(t-sint),\\ y=a(1-cost).\end{array}$$
摆线图形：

$(a>0，0\le t\le 2\pi )$

①弧长

由公式1-2，弧微分：$$\begin{array}{rl}ds& =\sqrt{[a(t-\sin t)]{}^{\prime }{}^2+[a(1-\cos t)]{}^{\prime }{}^2}dt\\ & =\sqrt{[a(1-\cos t){]}^2+(a\cdot \sin t{)}^2}dt\\ & =\sqrt{a^2-2a^2\cdot \cos t+a^2\cdot {\cos }^{2}t+a^2\cdot {\sin }^{2}t}dt\\ & =\sqrt{a^2-2a^2\cdot \cos t+a^2}dt\\ & =\sqrt{2}a\cdot \sqrt{1-\cos t}dt\\ & =2a\cdot \sqrt{\frac{1-\cos t}{2}}dt\\ & =2a\cdot \sqrt{1-\frac{1+\cos t}{2}}dt\\ & =2a\cdot \sqrt{1-{\cos }^2\frac{t}{2}}dt\\ & =2a\cdot |\sin \frac{t}{2}|dt\end{array}$$
弧长：$$S={\int }_0^{2\pi }2a\cdot |\sin \frac{t}{2}|dt=4a{\int }_0^{2\pi }|sin\frac{t}{2}|d(\frac{t}{2})=4a{\int }_0^{\pi }\sin tdt=8a$$

②面积

1.平面图形的面积

摆线一拱与$x$轴围成的面积由公式1-4，$D$由$y，x=0,x=2\pi a$围成，则$D={\int }_0^{2\pi a}f(x)dx$，再根据参数方程换元。
${\int }_0^{2\pi a}dx$ $\stackrel{x=a(t-sint)}{⟹}$ ${\int }_0^{2\pi }d[a(t-sint)]$
$$\begin{array}{rl}A& ={\int }_0^{2\pi }a(1-\cos t)d[a(t-\sin t)]\\ & =a^2{\int }_0^{2\pi }(1-\cos t{)}^{2}dt\\ & =8a^2{\int }_0^{2\pi }(1-\frac{1+cost}{2}{)}^{2}d(\frac{t}{2})\\ & =8a^2{\int }_0^{\pi }si{n}^{4}dt\\ & =16a^2{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}si{n}^{4}dt\\ & =16a^2\cdot \frac{3}{4}\cdot \frac{1}{2}\cdot \frac{\pi }{2}\\ & =3\pi a^2\end{array}$$

2.旋转曲面的侧面积（绕x轴旋转）

在①弧长中已经计算出来，弧微分：$ds=2a\cdot |\sin \frac{t}{2}|dt$
由公式1-6，面积元素：
$$\begin{gathered} dA=2\pi \cdot |f(x)|ds=2\pi \cdot |a(1-cost)|\cdot 2a\cdot |\sin \frac{t}{2}|dt \\ =4a^2\pi \cdot |1-cost|\cdot |\sin \frac{t}{2}|dt \end{gathered}$$
$$\begin{array}{rl}A& ={\int }_0^{2\pi }4a^2\pi \cdot |1-cost|\cdot |\sin \frac{t}{2}|dt\\ & =16a^2\pi {\int }_0^{2\pi }|\frac{1-\cos t}{2}|\cdot |\sin \frac{t}{2}|d(\frac{t}{2})\\ & =16a^2\pi {\int }_0^{2\pi }|1-{\cos }^2\frac{t}{2}|\cdot |\sin \frac{t}{2}|d(\frac{t}{2})\\ & =16a^2\pi {\int }_0^{\pi }{\sin }^{3}tdt\\ & =32a^2\pi {\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\sin }^{3}tdt\\ & =32a^2\pi \cdot \frac{2}{3}\cdot 1\\ & =\frac{64}{3}\pi a^2\end{array}$$

③体积

1.绕x轴旋转

摆线一拱与$x$轴围成的面积$D$由$y，x=0,x=2\pi a$围成，则该面积绕$x$轴旋转一周后，由公式1-7，
则$V_x=\pi \cdot {\int }_a^b{f}^2(x)dx=\pi \cdot {\int }_0^{2\pi a}{f}^2(x)dx$，再根据参数方程换元。
${\int }_0^{2\pi a}dx$ $\stackrel{x=a(t-sint)}{⟹}$ ${\int }_0^{2\pi }d[a(t-sint)]$
$$\begin{array}{rl}{V}_x& =\pi {\int }_0^{2\pi }[a(1-\cos t){]}^{2}d[a(t-\sin t)]\\ & =\pi a^3{\int }_0^{2\pi }(1-\cos t{)}^{3}dt\\ & =16\pi a^3{\int }_0^{2\pi }(\frac{1-\cos t}{2}{)}^{3}d(\frac{t}{2})\\ & =16\pi a^3{\int }_0^{2\pi }(1-\frac{1+\cos t}{2}{)}^{3}d(\frac{t}{2})\\ & =16\pi a^3{\int }_0^{2\pi }(1-{\cos }^2\frac{t}{2}{)}^{3}d(\frac{t}{2})\\ & =16\pi a^3{\int }_0^{\pi }\sin t^{6}dt\\ & =32\pi a^3{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sin t^{6}dt\\ & =32\pi a^3\cdot \frac{5}{6}\cdot \frac{3}{4}\cdot \frac{1}{2}\cdot \frac{\pi }{2}\\ & =5{\pi }^2\cdot a^3\end{array}$$

2.绕y轴旋转

摆线一拱与$x$轴围成的面积$D$由$y，x=0,x=2\pi a$围成，则该面积绕$y$轴旋转一周后，由公式1-8，
则$V_y=2\pi \cdot {\int }_a^b|x|\cdot |f(x)|dx$，再根据参数方程换元。
${\int }_0^{2\pi a}dx$ $\stackrel{x=a(t-sint)}{⟹}$ ${\int }_0^{2\pi }d[a(t-sint)]$

$$\begin{array}{rl}{V}_y& =2\pi {\int }_0^{2\pi }|a(t-\sin t)|\cdot |a(1-\cos t)|d[a(t-\sin t)]\\ & =2\pi a^3{\int }_0^{2\pi }|t-\sin t|\cdot (1-\cos t{)}^{2}dt\\ & (令t-\pi =x)\Rightarrow =2\pi a^3{\int }_{-\pi }^{\pi }|(x+\pi )-\sin (x+\pi )|\cdot [1-\cos (x+\pi ){]}^{2}dx\\ & =2\pi a^3{\int }_{-\pi }^{\pi }[|x+\sin x|\cdot (1+\cos x{)}^2+\pi \cdot (1+\cos x{)}^2]dx\\ & (此时{\int }_{-\pi }^{\pi }dx为对称区域，而x与sinx为奇函数，所以{\int }_{-\pi }^{\pi }|x+\sin x|\cdot (1+\cos x{)}^{2}dx=0)\\ & =2\pi a^3{\int }_{-\pi }^{\pi }\pi (1+\cos x{)}^{2}dx\\ & =16{\pi }^2{a}^3{\int }_{-\pi }^{\pi }(\frac{1+\cos x}{2}{)}^{2}d(\frac{x}{2})\\ & =16{\pi }^2{a}^3{\int }_{-\pi }^{\pi }{\cos }^4\frac{x}{2}d(\frac{x}{2})\\ & =32{\pi }^2{a}^3{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\cos }^{4}xdx\\ & =32{\pi }^2{a}^3\cdot \frac{3}{4}\cdot \frac{1}{2}\cdot \frac{\pi }{2}\\ & =6{\pi }^3{a}^3\end{array}$$

二、心形线

直角坐标形式：
$$x^2+y^2-ax=a\sqrt{x^2+y^2}$$
极坐标或参数形式：
$$r=a(1+\cos \theta )$$

$$\begin{gathered} 令\{\begin{array}{l}x=r\cos \theta \\ y=r\sin \theta \end{array}，则x^2+y^2-ax=a\sqrt{x^2+y^2}可表示为 \\ (r\cos \theta {)}^2+(r\sin \theta {)}^2-a(r\cos \theta )=a\sqrt{(r\cos \theta {)}^2+(r\sin {\theta }^2}) \\ 即r^2-a\cdot r\cos \theta =a\cdot r \\ \Rightarrow r=a(1+\cos \theta ) \end{gathered}$$

$r=a(1+\cos \theta )$心形线图形：
将上图顺时针旋转90°得到$r=a(1-\sin \theta )$
将上图水平翻转得到$r=a(1-\cos \theta )$
将上图逆时针旋转90°得到$r=a(1+\sin \theta )$

$(a>0，0\le \theta \le 2\pi )$

①弧长

由公式1-3，弧微分：$$\begin{array}{rl}ds& =\sqrt{[a(1+\cos \theta ){]}^2+[a(1+\cos \theta )]{}^{\prime }{}^2}d\theta \\ & =\sqrt{a^2+2a^2\cdot \cos \theta +a^2\cdot {\cos }^2\theta +a^2\cdot {\sin }^2\theta }d\theta \\ & =\sqrt{a^2+2a^2\cdot \cos \theta +a^2}d\theta \\ & =\sqrt{2}a\cdot \sqrt{1+\cos \theta }d\theta \\ & =2a\cdot \sqrt{\frac{1+\cos \theta }{2}}d\theta \\ & =2a\cdot \sqrt{co{s}^2\frac{\theta }{2}}d\theta \\ & =2a\cdot |\cos \frac{\theta }{2}|d\theta \end{array}$$
（图像关于极轴对称，因此整个弧长等于2倍上半轴的弧长）
弧长：$$S=2{\int }_0^{\pi }2a\cdot |\cos \frac{\theta }{2}|d\theta =8a{\int }_0^{\pi }|cos\frac{\theta }{2}|d(\frac{\theta }{2})=8a{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\cos \theta d\theta =8a$$

②面积

1.平面图形的面积

(图像关于极轴对称，因此整个面积等于2倍上半轴的面积)
由公式1-5，
$$\begin{array}{rl}A& =2\cdot \frac{1}{2}{\int }_0^{\pi }[a(1+\cos \theta ){]}^{2}d\theta \\ & =a^2{\int }_0^{\pi }(1+\cos \theta {)}^{2}d\theta \\ & =8a^2{\int }_0^{\pi }(\frac{1+\cos \theta }{2}{)}^{2}d(\frac{\theta }{2})\\ & =8a^2{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\cos }^4\theta d\theta \\ & =8a^2\cdot \frac{3}{4}\cdot \frac{1}{2}\cdot \frac{\pi }{2}\\ & =\frac{3}{2}\pi a^2\end{array}$$

2.旋转曲面的侧面积（绕极轴旋转）

在①弧长中已经计算出来，弧微分：$ds=2a\cdot |\cos \frac{\theta }{2}|d\theta$
由公式1-6，面积元素：
$$\begin{gathered} dA=2\pi \cdot |f(x)|ds=2\pi \cdot |r\cdot \sin \theta |\cdot 2a\cdot |\cos \frac{\theta }{2}|d\theta \\ (而r=a(1+\cos \theta ))=2\pi \cdot |a(1+\cos \theta )\cdot \sin \theta |\cdot 2a\cdot |\cos \frac{\theta }{2}|d\theta \end{gathered}$$
$$\begin{array}{rl}A& ={\int }_0^{\pi }2\pi \cdot |a(1+\cos \theta )\cdot \sin \theta |\cdot 2a\cdot |\cos \frac{\theta }{2}|d\theta \\ & =8\pi a^2{\int }_0^{\pi }|\frac{1+\cos \theta }{2}\cdot 2\sin \frac{\theta }{2}\cdot 2\cos \frac{\theta }{2}|\cdot |\cos \frac{\theta }{2}|d(\frac{\theta }{2})\\ & =32\pi a^2{\int }_0^{\pi }|{\cos }^4\frac{\theta }{2}\cdot \sin \frac{\theta }{2}|d(\frac{\theta }{2})\\ & =-32\pi a^2{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\cos }^4\theta d(\cos \theta )\\ & =-32\pi a^2{\int }_1^0{\theta }^{4}d\theta \\ & =32\pi a^2{\int }_0^1{\theta }^{4}d\theta \\ & =\frac{32}{5}\pi a^2\end{array}$$

③体积

极坐标系下绕极轴旋转一周旋转体体积由公式1-9，则
$$\begin{array}{rl}V& =\frac{2}{3}\pi {\int }_0^{\pi }[a(1+\cos \theta ){]}^3\cdot \sin \theta d\theta \\ & =-\frac{2}{3}\pi a^3{\int }_0^{\pi }(1+\cos \theta {)}^{3}d(\cos \theta )\\ & =-\frac{2}{3}\pi a^3{\int }_1^{-1}(1+\theta {)}^{3}d\theta \\ & =\frac{2}{3}\pi a^3{\int }_{-1}^1(1+\theta {)}^{3}d(1+\theta )\\ & =\frac{2}{3}\pi a^3{\int }_0^2{\theta }^{3}d\theta \\ & =\frac{8}{3}\pi a^3\end{array}$$

三、双扭线

直角坐标形式：
$$(x^2+y^2{)}^2=a^2(x^2-y^2)$$
极坐标或参数形式：
$$r^2=a^{2}cos2\theta$$

$$\begin{gathered} 令\{\begin{array}{l}x=r\cos \theta \\ y=r\sin \theta \end{array}，则(x^2+y^2{)}^2=a^2(x^2-y^2)可表示为 \\ [(r\cos \theta {)}^2+(r\sin \theta {)}^2{]}^2=a^2[(r\cos \theta {)}^2-(r\sin \theta {)}^2)] \\ 即r^2(si{n}^2\theta +co{s}^2\theta )=a^2\cdot r^2({\cos }^2\theta -{\sin }^2\theta ) \\ \Rightarrow r^2=a^{2}cos2\theta \end{gathered}$$

双扭线图形：

$(a>0，0\le \theta \le 2\pi )$

①弧长

由公式1-2，弧微分：$$\begin{array}{rl}ds& =\sqrt{a^{2}cos2\theta +\sqrt{(a^2\cos 2\theta )}{}^{\prime }{}^2}d\theta \\ & =\sqrt{a^{2}cos2\theta +(a\cdot \frac{-\sin 2\theta \cdot 2}{2\sqrt{\cos 2\theta }}}{)}^{2}d\theta \\ & =\sqrt{a^{2}cos2\theta +a^2\cdot \frac{{\sin }^{2}2\theta }{\cos 2\theta }}d\theta \\ & =\sqrt{a^2(\frac{{\cos }^{2}2\theta }{\cos 2\theta }+\frac{{\sin }^{2}2\theta }{\cos 2\theta }})d\theta \\ & =a\cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\cos 2\theta }}d\theta \\ & =a\cdot \sqrt{\sec 2\theta }d\theta \end{array}$$
（图像关于$x、y$轴对称，因此整个弧长等于4倍第一象限的弧长）
弧长：
$$\begin{array}{rl}S& =4{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}}a\cdot \sqrt{\sec 2\theta }d\theta \\ & =2a{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}}\sqrt{\sec 2\theta }d(2\theta )\\ & =2a{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sqrt{\sec \theta }d\theta \\ & (令\cos \theta =x^2，则\sqrt{\sec \theta }=\frac{1}{x}，积分上下限由{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}变成{\int }_1^0)\\ & =2a{\int }_1^0\frac{1}{x}d(arccos{x}^2)\\ & =2a{\int }_1^0\frac{1}{x}\cdot \frac{-1\cdot 2x}{\sqrt{1-(x^2{)}^2}}dx\\ & =4a{\int }_0^1\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^4}}dx\end{array}$$

②面积

1.平面图形的面积

（图像关于$x、y$轴对称，因此整个面积等于4倍第一象限的面积）
由公式1-5，$$A=4\cdot \frac{1}{2}{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}}{a}^{2}cos2\theta d\theta =a^2{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}}cos2\theta d(2\theta )=a^2{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}cos\theta d\theta =a^2$$

2.旋转曲面的侧面积（绕极轴旋转）

（图像关于极轴对称，因此整个旋转体的侧面积等于2倍上半轴图形绕极轴旋转的侧面积）
在①弧长中已经计算出来，弧微分：$ds=a\cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\cos 2\theta }}d\theta$
由公式1-6，面积元素：$$\begin{gathered} dA=2\pi \cdot |f(x)|ds=2\pi \cdot |r\sin \theta |\cdot a\cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\cos 2\theta }}d\theta (而r=a\cdot \sqrt{cos2\theta }) \\ =2\pi \cdot |a\cdot \sqrt{cos2\theta }\cdot \sin \theta |\cdot a\cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{\cos 2\theta }}d\theta =2\pi a^2|\sin \theta |d\theta \end{gathered}$$
$$A=2{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}}2\pi a^2|\sin \theta |d\theta =4\pi a^2{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{4}}\sin \theta d\theta =4\pi a^2(1-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2})$$

③体积

参见书籍《一些经典数学问题的另类解算（戈衍三 / 北京理工大学出版社 / 2007-09 / ）P120》

四、星形线

直角坐标形式：
$$x^{\frac{2}{3}}+y^{\frac{2}{3}}=a^{\frac{2}{3}}$$
极坐标或参数形式：
$$\{\begin{array}{l}x=a{\cos }^{3}t,\\ y=a{\sin }^{3}t.\end{array}$$
星形线图形：

①弧长

(图像关于$x、y$轴对称，因此整个弧长等于4倍第一象限的弧长)
由公式1-2，弧微分：$$\begin{array}{rl}ds& =\sqrt{(a{\cos }^{3}t){}^{\prime }{}^2+(a{\sin }^{3}t){}^{\prime }{}^2}dt\\ & =\sqrt{[3a{\cos }^{2}t\cdot (-\sin t){]}^2+(3a{\sin }^{2}t\cdot \cos t{)}^2}dt\\ & =\sqrt{9a^2\cdot {\cos }^{4}t\cdot {\sin }^{2}t+9a^2\cdot {\sin }^{4}t\cdot {\cos }^{2}t}dt\\ & =\sqrt{9a^2\cdot {\cos }^{2}t\cdot {\sin }^{2}t({\cos }^{2}t\cdot +{\sin }^{2}t})dt\\ & =3a\cdot \cos t\cdot \sin t\\ & =\frac{3a}{2}\cdot \sin 2tdt\end{array}$$
弧长：$$\begin{gathered} S=4{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\frac{3a}{2}\cdot \sin 2tdt \\ =3a{\int }_0^{\pi }\sin tdt=6a{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sin tdt=6a \end{gathered}$$

②面积

1.平面图形的面积

（图像关于$x、y$轴对称，因此整个面积等于4倍第一象限的面积）
星形线第一象限与$x$轴围成的面积由公式1-4，$D$由$y，x=0,x=a$围成，则$D={\int }_0^{a}f(x)dx$，再根据参数方程换元。
${\int }_0^{a}dx$ $\stackrel{x=a{\cos }^{3}t}{⟹}$ ${\int }_{\frac{\pi }{2}}^{0}d(a{\cos }^{3}t)$
$$\begin{array}{rl}A& =4{\int }_{\frac{\pi }{2}}^{0}a{\sin }^{3}td(a{\cos }^{3}t)\\ & =-12a^2{\int }_{\frac{\pi }{2}}^0\sin t^4\cdot {\cos }^{2}tdt\\ & =12a^2{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sin t^4\cdot (1-{\sin }^{2}t)dt\\ & =12a^2({\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sin t^{4}dt-{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\sin }^{6}tdt)\\ & =12a^2\cdot (\frac{3}{4}\cdot \frac{1}{2}\cdot \frac{\pi }{2}-\frac{5}{6}\cdot \frac{3}{4}\cdot \frac{1}{2}\cdot \frac{\pi }{2})\\ & =\frac{3}{8}\pi a^2\end{array}$$

2.旋转曲面的侧面积（绕x轴旋转）

在①弧长中已经计算出来，弧微分：$ds=\frac{3a}{2}\cdot \sin 2tdt$
由公式1-6，面积元素：
$$\begin{gathered} dA=2\pi \cdot |f(x)|ds=2\pi \cdot |a{\sin }^{3}t|\cdot \frac{3a}{2}\cdot \sin 2tdt \\ =3a^2\pi \cdot |{\sin }^{3}t|\cdot \sin 2tdt=6a^2\pi \cdot {\sin }^{4}t\cdot \cos tdt \end{gathered}$$
$$\begin{array}{rl}A& ={\int }_0^{\pi }6a^2\pi \cdot {\sin }^{4}t\cdot \cos tdt\\ & =12a^2\pi {\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}si{n}^{4}td(\sin t)\\ & =12a^2\pi {\int }_0^1{t}^{4}dt\\ & =\frac{12}{5}\pi a^2\end{array}$$

③体积

(由于星形线关于$x、y$轴对称，因此绕x轴或y轴旋转一周的体积相等)
星形线在x轴上半轴的面积$D$由$y，x=-a,x=a$围成，则该面积绕$x$轴旋转一周后，由公式1-7，
则$V_x=\pi \cdot {\int }_a^b{f}^2(x)dx=\pi \cdot {\int }_{-a}^a{f}^2(x)dx$，再根据参数方程换元。
${\int }_{-a}^{a}dx$ $\stackrel{x=a{\cos }^{3}t}{⟹}$ ${\int }_{\pi }^{0}d(a{\cos }^{3}t)$
$$\begin{array}{rl}{V}_x& =\pi {\int }_{\pi }^0(a{\sin }^{3}t{)}^{2}d(a{\cos }^{3}t)\\ & =-3\pi a^3{\int }_{\pi }^0{\sin }^{7}t\cdot {\cos }^{2}tdt\\ & =3\pi a^3{\int }_0^{\pi }{\sin }^{7}t\cdot (1-{\sin }^{2}t)dt\\ & =6\pi a^3({\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\sin t^{7}dt-{\int }_0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}{\sin }^{9}tdt)\\ & =6\pi a^3\cdot (\frac{6}{7}\cdot \frac{4}{5}\cdot \frac{2}{3}\cdot 1-\frac{8}{9}\cdot \frac{6}{7}\cdot \frac{4}{5}\cdot \frac{2}{3}\cdot 1)\\ & =\frac{32}{105}\pi a^3\end{array}$$