Docker学习笔记08：docker使用之镜像使用

最新推荐文章于 2023-09-22 14:27:17 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2023-09-22 14:27:17 发布

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分类专栏： Docker 文章标签： docker

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_42163563/article/details/103611925

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当运行容器时，使用的镜像如果在本地中不存在，docker 就会自动从 docker 镜像仓库中下载，默认是从 Docker Hub 公共镜像源下载。

下面我们来学习：

1、管理和使用本地 Docker 主机镜像
2、创建镜像

列出镜像列表

我们可以使用 docker images 来列出本地主机上的镜像。

[root@test ~]# docker images 
REPOSITORY                       TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
test/redis-test                  v2                  22486b144c33        10 seconds ago      94.8MB
test/redis-test                  v1                  e1bd6ab53cd8        About an hour ago   94.8MB
redis                            latest              dcf9ec9265e0        3 weeks ago         98.2MB
nginx                            latest              231d40e811cd        3 weeks ago         126MB
ansible                          2.0                 38a4a7650067        3 months ago        481MB
celery_env                       2.0                 1f642bd32d94        3 months ago        2.01GB
zabbix/zabbix-agent              centos-4.0-latest   c5302a10cad2        3 months ago        228MB
mysql                            5.7                 e1e1680ac726        4 months ago        373MB
zabbix/zabbix-web-apache-mysql   centos-4.0-latest   587c9f53bbbd        4 months ago        474MB
zabbix/zabbix-server-mysql       centos-4.0-latest   7fbda7c3fa2e        4 months ago        333MB
training/webapp                  latest              6fae60ef3446        4 years ago         349MB
[root@test ~]#

各个选项说明:

REPOSITORY：表示镜像的仓库源
TAG：镜像的标签
IMAGE ID：镜像ID
CREATED：镜像创建时间
SIZE：镜像大小

同一仓库源可以有多个 TAG，代表这个仓库源的不同个版本，如 test/redis-test仓库源里，有 v2、v1 等多个不同的版本，我们使用 REPOSITORY:TAG 来定义不同的镜像。

所以，我们如果要使用版本为v1的est/redis-test系统镜像来运行容器时，命令如下：

[root@test ~]#  docker run -t -i test/redis-test:v1 /bin/bash 
root@8d74da7e60a0:/# ls
bin  boot  data  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
root@8d74da7e60a0:/#

参数说明：

-i: 交互式操作。
-t: 终端。
test/redis-test:v1: 这是指用 test/redis-test v1 版本镜像为基础来启动容器。
/bin/bash：放在镜像名后的是命令，这里我们希望有个交互式 Shell，因此用的是 /bin/bash。

如果要使用版本为 v2的 test/redis-test系统镜像来运行容器时，命令如下：

[root@test ~]# docker run -t -i test/redis-test:v2 /bin/bash 
root@23d9efad1ae1:/# ls
bin  boot  data  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
root@23d9efad1ae1:/# 
root@23d9efad1ae1:/#

如果你不指定一个镜像的版本标签，例如你只使用 test/redis-test，docker 将默认使用 test/redis-test:latest 镜像。

获取一个新的镜像

当我们在本地主机上使用一个不存在的镜像时 Docker 就会自动下载这个镜像。如果我们想预先下载这个镜像，我们可以使用 docker pull 命令来下载它。

[root@test ~]# docker  pull httpd  
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/httpd
000eee12ec04: Already exists 
32b8712d1f38: Pull complete 
f1ca037d6393: Pull complete 
c4bd3401259f: Pull complete 
51c60bde4d46: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:ac6594daaa934c4c6ba66c562e96f2fb12f871415a9b7117724c52687080d35d
Status: Downloaded newer image for httpd:latest
[root@test ~]#

下载完成后，我们可以直接使用这个镜像来运行容器。

查找镜像

我们可以从 Docker Hub 网站来搜索镜像，Docker Hub 网址为： https://hub.docker.com/

例如：

我们也可以使用 docker search 命令来搜索镜像。比如我们需要一个 httpd 的镜像来作为我们的 web 服务。我们可以通过 docker search 命令搜索 httpd 来寻找适合我们的镜像。

[root@test ~]# docker search httpd  
NAME                                 DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
httpd                                The Apache HTTP Server Project                  2781                [OK]                
centos/httpd-24-centos7              Platform for running Apache httpd 2.4 or bui…   27                                      
centos/httpd                                                                         26                                      [OK]
armhf/httpd                          The Apache HTTP Server Project                  8                                       
salim1983hoop/httpd24                Dockerfile running apache config                2                                       [OK]
solsson/httpd-openidc                mod_auth_openidc on official httpd image, ve…   1                                       [OK]
dariko/httpd-rproxy-ldap             Apache httpd reverse proxy with LDAP authent…   1                                       [OK]
lead4good/httpd-fpm                  httpd server which connects via fcgi proxy h…   1                                       [OK]
manasip/httpd                                                                        0                                       
dockerpinata/httpd                                                                   0                                       
itsziget/httpd24                     Extended HTTPD Docker image based on the off…   0                                       [OK]
interlutions/httpd                   httpd docker image with debian-based config …   0                                       [OK]
manageiq/httpd_configmap_generator   Httpd Configmap Generator                       0                                       [OK]
appertly/httpd                       Customized Apache HTTPD that uses a PHP-FPM …   0                                       [OK]
izdock/httpd                         Production ready Apache HTTPD Web Server + m…   0                                       
trollin/httpd                                                                        0                                       
amd64/httpd                          The Apache HTTP Server Project                  0                                       
publici/httpd                        httpd:latest                                    0                                       [OK]
e2eteam/httpd                                                                        0                                       
buzzardev/httpd                      Based on the official httpd image               0                                       [OK]
hypoport/httpd-cgi                   httpd-cgi                                       0                                       [OK]
manageiq/httpd                       Container with httpd, built on CentOS for Ma…   0                                       [OK]
ppc64le/httpd                        The Apache HTTP Server Project                  0                                       
alvistack/httpd                      Docker Image Packaging for Apache               0                                       [OK]
tugboatqa/httpd                      The Apache HTTP Server Project                  0                                       
[root@test ~]#

NAME: 镜像仓库源的名称

DESCRIPTION: 镜像的描述

OFFICIAL: 是否 docker 官方发布

stars: 类似 Github 里面的 star，表示点赞、喜欢的意思。

AUTOMATED: 自动构建。

拖取镜像

我们决定使用上图中的 httpd 官方版本的镜像，使用命令 docker pull 来下载镜像。

[root@test ~]# docker  pull httpd  
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/httpd
000eee12ec04: Already exists 
32b8712d1f38: Pull complete 
f1ca037d6393: Pull complete 
c4bd3401259f: Pull complete 
51c60bde4d46: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:ac6594daaa934c4c6ba66c562e96f2fb12f871415a9b7117724c52687080d35d
Status: Downloaded newer image for httpd:latest

下载完成后，我们就可以使用这个镜像了。

[root@test ~]# docker run httpd 
[Thu Dec 19 06:38:37.165568 2019] [mpm_event:notice] [pid 1:tid 140487557534848] AH00489: Apache/2.4.41 (Unix) configured -- resuming normal operations
[Thu Dec 19 06:38:37.165926 2019] [core:notice] [pid 1:tid 140487557534848] AH00094: Command line: 'httpd -D FOREGROUND'

删除镜像

镜像删除使用 docker rmi 命令，比如我们删除 httpd 镜像：

[root@test ~]# docker rmi httpd  --有容器在引用，无法删除，需要先删掉容器
Error response from daemon: conflict: unable to remove repository reference "httpd" (must force) - container 91c3146a4e2d is using its referenced image 2ae34abc2ed0
[root@test ~]# 
[root@test ~]# 
[root@test ~]# 
[root@test ~]# docker  ps 
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                     NAMES
8e75e6fd17a7        training/webapp     "python app.py"          4 hours ago         Up 4 hours          0.0.0.0:32768->5000/tcp   ecstatic_jennings
cf27a69ff0d3        dcf9ec9265e0        "docker-entrypoint.s…"   4 hours ago         Up 4 hours          6379/tcp                  heuristic_brattain
3aeb30c31b99        1f642bd32d94        "/bin/bash"              27 hours ago        Up 27 hours                                   lucid_heyrovsky
660644cb03d8        e1e1680ac726        "docker-entrypoint.s…"   27 hours ago        Up 27 hours         3306/tcp, 33060/tcp       friendly_mccarthy
49194cec6480        38a4a7650067        "tail -f /dev/null /…"   28 hours ago        Up 28 hours                                   jolly_tereshkova
5c0a4fb8dc05        231d40e811cd        "/bin/bash"              28 hours ago        Up 28 hours         80/tcp                    cocky_colden
[root@test ~]# docker  ps  -a 
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                        PORTS                     NAMES
91c3146a4e2d        httpd                "httpd-foreground"       4 minutes ago       Exited (0) 2 minutes ago                                hungry_hypatia
23d9efad1ae1        test/redis-test:v2   "/bin/bash"              3 hours ago         Exited (127) 13 minutes ago                             nifty_wright
8d74da7e60a0        test/redis-test:v1   "/bin/bash"              3 hours ago         Exited (0) 3 hours ago                                  agitated_knuth
8e75e6fd17a7        training/webapp      "python app.py"          4 hours ago         Up 4 hours                    0.0.0.0:32768->5000/tcp   ecstatic_jennings
cf27a69ff0d3        dcf9ec9265e0         "docker-entrypoint.s…"   4 hours ago         Up 4 hours                    6379/tcp                  heuristic_brattain
ae31ed600854        1f642bd32d94         "/bin/sh -c 'while t…"   5 hours ago         Exited (137) 5 hours ago                                silly_shaw
50046987514f        1f642bd32d94         "/bin/bash"              5 hours ago         Exited (0) 5 hours ago                                  focused_lewin
3aeb30c31b99        1f642bd32d94         "/bin/bash"              27 hours ago        Up 27 hours                                             lucid_heyrovsky
326fcb6c6b17        1f642bd32d94         "/bin/echo 'Hello wo…"   27 hours ago        Exited (0) 27 hours ago                                 elated_panini
660644cb03d8        e1e1680ac726         "docker-entrypoint.s…"   27 hours ago        Up 27 hours                   3306/tcp, 33060/tcp       friendly_mccarthy
3e391a12359d        1f642bd32d94         "/bin/bash"              28 hours ago        Exited (137) 28 hours ago                               agitated_kalam
49194cec6480        38a4a7650067         "tail -f /dev/null /…"   28 hours ago        Up 28 hours                                             jolly_tereshkova
5c0a4fb8dc05        231d40e811cd         "/bin/bash"              28 hours ago        Up 28 hours                   80/tcp                    cocky_colden
[root@test ~]# 
[root@test ~]# docker rm 91c3146a4e2d 
91c3146a4e2d
[root@test ~]# docker  ps  -a 
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                        PORTS                     NAMES
23d9efad1ae1        test/redis-test:v2   "/bin/bash"              3 hours ago         Exited (127) 14 minutes ago                             nifty_wright
8d74da7e60a0        test/redis-test:v1   "/bin/bash"              3 hours ago         Exited (0) 3 hours ago                                  agitated_knuth
8e75e6fd17a7        training/webapp      "python app.py"          4 hours ago         Up 4 hours                    0.0.0.0:32768->5000/tcp   ecstatic_jennings
cf27a69ff0d3        dcf9ec9265e0         "docker-entrypoint.s…"   4 hours ago         Up 4 hours                    6379/tcp                  heuristic_brattain
ae31ed600854        1f642bd32d94         "/bin/sh -c 'while t…"   5 hours ago         Exited (137) 5 hours ago                                silly_shaw
50046987514f        1f642bd32d94         "/bin/bash"              5 hours ago         Exited (0) 5 hours ago                                  focused_lewin
3aeb30c31b99        1f642bd32d94         "/bin/bash"              27 hours ago        Up 27 hours                                             lucid_heyrovsky
326fcb6c6b17        1f642bd32d94         "/bin/echo 'Hello wo…"   27 hours ago        Exited (0) 27 hours ago                                 elated_panini
660644cb03d8        e1e1680ac726         "docker-entrypoint.s…"   27 hours ago        Up 27 hours                   3306/tcp, 33060/tcp       friendly_mccarthy
3e391a12359d        1f642bd32d94         "/bin/bash"              28 hours ago        Exited (137) 28 hours ago                               agitated_kalam
49194cec6480        38a4a7650067         "tail -f /dev/null /…"   28 hours ago        Up 28 hours                                             jolly_tereshkova
5c0a4fb8dc05        231d40e811cd         "/bin/bash"              28 hours ago        Up 28 hours                   80/tcp                    cocky_colden
[root@test ~]# docker rmi httpd
Untagged: httpd:latest
Untagged: httpd@sha256:ac6594daaa934c4c6ba66c562e96f2fb12f871415a9b7117724c52687080d35d
Deleted: sha256:2ae34abc2ed0a22e280d17e13f9c01aaf725688b09b7a1525d1a2750e2c0d1de
Deleted: sha256:f142129afcde2a59210763515cd67ca09a90e62801a6f4af0ad9087c0a3c8782
Deleted: sha256:c8473253c52755c60810dc6ee62c4ae0856ab140fce263af29aec650e3bac7dc
Deleted: sha256:96f1a9551370bb171a4c3fe161728a776e84e8e732ebdc3196b649544574ef8f
Deleted: sha256:4abaca4f9812f8ac32380c94fe5b61f7111c028601161e1216de935ce61d2434
[root@test ~]# 
[root@test ~]#

创建镜像

当我们从 docker 镜像仓库中下载的镜像不能满足我们的需求时，我们可以通过以下两种方式对镜像进行更改。

1、从已经创建的容器中更新镜像，并且提交这个镜像
2、使用 Dockerfile 指令来创建一个新的镜像

更新镜像

更新镜像之前，我们需要使用镜像来创建一个容器。

[root@test ~]# docker run -t -i  test/redis-test:v2 /bin/bash  
root@5a0acd8e9776:/# apt-get update 
Get:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster InRelease [122 kB]
Get:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates InRelease [49.3 kB]      
Get:1 http://security-cdn.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates InRelease [65.4 kB]      
Get:4 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 Packages [7908 kB]
Get:5 http://security-cdn.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates/main amd64 Packages [164 kB]
Get:6 http://deb.debian.org/debian buster-updates/main amd64 Packages [5792 B]                                                     
Fetched 8313 kB in 9s (945 kB/s)                                                                                                   
Reading package lists... Done
root@5a0acd8e9776:/# 
root@5a0acd8e9776:/# exit
exit
[root@test ~]#

在运行的容器内使用 apt-get update 命令进行更新。

在完成操作之后，输入 exit 命令来退出这个容器。

此时 ID 为 5a0acd8e9776的容器，是按我们的需求更改的容器。我们可以通过命令 docker commit 来提交容器副本。

[root@test ~]# docker commit -m="has update" -a="zcy" 5a0acd8e9776 zcy/test/redis-test:v3 
sha256:b40eb1d2f69656b4004a65d99f67cd1507235f69d7aee7aad63118800ccb5dd3
[root@test ~]#

各个参数说明：

-m: 提交的描述信息
-a: 指定镜像作者
5a0acd8e9776：容器 ID
zcy/test/redis-test:v3: 指定要创建的目标镜像名

我们可以使用 docker images 命令来查看我们的新镜像 zcy/test/redis-test:v3：

[root@test ~]# docker images 
REPOSITORY                       TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
zcy/test/redis-test              v3                  b40eb1d2f696        6 seconds ago       112MB
test/redis-test                  v2                  22486b144c33        3 hours ago         94.8MB
test/redis-test                  v1                  e1bd6ab53cd8        4 hours ago         94.8MB
redis                            latest              dcf9ec9265e0        3 weeks ago         98.2MB
nginx                            latest              231d40e811cd        3 weeks ago         126MB
ansible                          2.0                 38a4a7650067        3 months ago        481MB
celery_env                       2.0                 1f642bd32d94        3 months ago        2.01GB
zabbix/zabbix-agent              centos-4.0-latest   c5302a10cad2        3 months ago        228MB
mysql                            5.7                 e1e1680ac726        4 months ago        373MB
zabbix/zabbix-web-apache-mysql   centos-4.0-latest   587c9f53bbbd        4 months ago        474MB
zabbix/zabbix-server-mysql       centos-4.0-latest   7fbda7c3fa2e        4 months ago        333MB
training/webapp                  latest              6fae60ef3446        4 years ago         349MB
[root@test ~]#

使用我们的新镜像 zcy/test/redis-test:v3来启动一个容器

[root@test ~]# docker run -t -i zcy/test/redis-test:v3 /bin/bash  
root@a66729748621:/# ls
bin  boot  data  dev  etc  home  lib  lib64  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
root@a66729748621:/#

构建镜像

我们使用命令 docker build ，从零开始来创建一个新的镜像。为此，我们需要创建一个 Dockerfile 文件，其中包含一组指令来告诉 Docker 如何构建我们的镜像。

[root@test ~]# vim Dockerfile   

FROM    celery_env:2.0
MAINTAINER      Zcy "zcy@sudops.com"

RUN     /bin/echo 'root:123456' |chpasswd
RUN     useradd test
RUN     /bin/echo 'test:123456' |chpasswd
RUN     /bin/echo -e "LANG=\"en_US.UTF-8\"" >/etc/default/local
EXPOSE  22
EXPOSE  80
CMD     /usr/sbin/sshd -D

每一个指令都会在镜像上创建一个新的层，每一个指令的前缀都必须是大写的。

第一条FROM，指定使用哪个镜像源

RUN 指令告诉docker 在镜像内执行命令，安装了什么。。。

然后，我们使用 Dockerfile 文件，通过 docker build 命令来构建一个镜像。

[root@test ~]# docker build -t zcy/celery_env:3.0 .  
Sending build context to Docker daemon  6.395GB
Step 1/9 : FROM    celery_env:2.0
 ---> 1f642bd32d94
Step 2/9 : MAINTAINER      Zcy "zcy@sudops.com"
 ---> Running in a19623f34f63
Removing intermediate container a19623f34f63
 ---> eaca7bbc3c12
Step 3/9 : RUN     /bin/echo 'root:123456' |chpasswd
 ---> Running in f41c78408ec9
Removing intermediate container f41c78408ec9
 ---> 07693520cc21
Step 4/9 : RUN     useradd test
 ---> Running in 49a0ec5c2fe2
Removing intermediate container 49a0ec5c2fe2
 ---> 2b3ab6893eac
Step 5/9 : RUN     /bin/echo 'test:123456' |chpasswd
 ---> Running in 14117a88fdd6
Removing intermediate container 14117a88fdd6
 ---> 1e156b2acd6f
Step 6/9 : RUN     /bin/echo -e "LANG=\"en_US.UTF-8\"" >/etc/default/local
 ---> Running in bb934d8e63f5
Removing intermediate container bb934d8e63f5
 ---> 37d186fd113b
Step 7/9 : EXPOSE  22
 ---> Running in 28af735940de
Removing intermediate container 28af735940de
 ---> 651f67c73bd1
Step 8/9 : EXPOSE  80
 ---> Running in 20574bb3cac3
Removing intermediate container 20574bb3cac3
 ---> 910c011dc503
Step 9/9 : CMD     /usr/sbin/sshd -D
 ---> Running in 6b685131712d
Removing intermediate container 6b685131712d
 ---> 069698b23c60
Successfully built 069698b23c60
Successfully tagged zcy/celery_env:3.0
[root@test ~]# 
[root@test ~]#

参数说明：

-t ：指定要创建的目标镜像名
. ：Dockerfile 文件所在目录，可以指定Dockerfile 的绝对路径

使用docker images 查看创建的镜像已经在列表中存在,镜像ID为069698b23c60

[root@test ~]# docker images 
REPOSITORY                       TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
zcy/celery_env                   3.0                 069698b23c60        2 minutes ago       2.01GB
zcy/test/redis-test              v3                  b40eb1d2f696        13 minutes ago      112MB
test/redis-test                  v2                  22486b144c33        3 hours ago         94.8MB
test/redis-test                  v1                  e1bd6ab53cd8        4 hours ago         94.8MB
redis                            latest              dcf9ec9265e0        3 weeks ago         98.2MB
nginx                            latest              231d40e811cd        3 weeks ago         126MB
ansible                          2.0                 38a4a7650067        3 months ago        481MB
celery_env                       2.0                 1f642bd32d94        3 months ago        2.01GB
zabbix/zabbix-agent              centos-4.0-latest   c5302a10cad2        3 months ago        228MB
mysql                            5.7                 e1e1680ac726        4 months ago        373MB
zabbix/zabbix-web-apache-mysql   centos-4.0-latest   587c9f53bbbd        4 months ago        474MB
zabbix/zabbix-server-mysql       centos-4.0-latest   7fbda7c3fa2e        4 months ago        333MB
training/webapp                  latest              6fae60ef3446        4 years ago         349MB
[root@test ~]#

我们可以使用新的镜像来创建容器

[root@test ~]# docker run -t -i zcy/celery_env:3.0 /bin/bash 
bash-4.2# id test 
uid=1000(test) gid=1000(test) groups=1000(test)
bash-4.2#

从上面看到新镜像已经包含我们创建的用户 test。

设置镜像标签

我们可以使用 docker tag 命令，为镜像添加一个新的标签。

[root@test ~]# docker tag  069698b23c60 zcy/celery_env:dev

docker tag 镜像ID，这里是 069698b23c60,用户名称、镜像源名(repository name)和新的标签名(tag)。

使用 docker images 命令可以看到，ID为069698b23c60的镜像多一个标签。

[root@test ~]# docker images 
REPOSITORY                       TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
zcy/celery_env                   3.0                 069698b23c60        35 minutes ago      2.01GB
zcy/celery_env                   dev                 069698b23c60        35 minutes ago      2.01GB
zcy/test/redis-test              v3                  b40eb1d2f696        About an hour ago   112MB
test/redis-test                  v2                  22486b144c33        4 hours ago         94.8MB
test/redis-test                  v1                  e1bd6ab53cd8        5 hours ago         94.8MB
redis                            latest              dcf9ec9265e0        3 weeks ago         98.2MB
nginx                            latest              231d40e811cd        3 weeks ago         126MB
ansible                          2.0                 38a4a7650067        3 months ago        481MB
celery_env                       2.0                 1f642bd32d94        3 months ago        2.01GB
zabbix/zabbix-agent              centos-4.0-latest   c5302a10cad2        3 months ago        228MB
mysql                            5.7                 e1e1680ac726        4 months ago        373MB
zabbix/zabbix-web-apache-mysql   centos-4.0-latest   587c9f53bbbd        4 months ago        474MB
zabbix/zabbix-server-mysql       centos-4.0-latest   7fbda7c3fa2e        4 months ago        333MB
training/webapp                  latest              6fae60ef3446        4 years ago         349MB
[root@test ~]#