SPC即统计过程控制,英文 Statistical process control,上世纪诞生的最伟大的质量工具之一。一般来讲,SPC工具有广义和狭义之分。
SPC的概念
广义的SPC包括传统的7大质量工具(the magnificent seven):
1. Histogram 柱状图
2. Check sheet 检查表
3. Pareto chart 柏拉图
4. Cause-and-effect diagram 鱼骨图
5. Process flow diagram 过程流程图
6. Scatter diagram 散点图
7. Control chart 控制图
狭义SPC指的就是就是我们常说的控制图 Control Chart,一种对生产过程的关键质量特性值进行测定、记录、评估并监测过程是否处于控制状态的一种图形方法。
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这里有必要补充一点,当我们说到“质量工具”,往往更多地关注了工具的技术层面,而忽略了运用工具的“环境”。这种片面的认知常常导致工具应用的低效。虽然上面提到的7大质量工具是SPC的重要部分,但不能说SPC就是这7大工具,因为SPC还需要一个“持续改善,领导支持”的环境。
如果一个企业没有追求持续改善的文化环境,也没有最高管理层对这种文化环境的追求,那么SPC就不能发挥其威力,这时候SPC就不是真正的SPC了。我想"橘生淮南则为橘,橘生淮北则为枳"大概也就是这个道理。
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SPC的发展及应用历史
最早的控制图是由美国贝尔电话实验室的休姆哈特博士在1924年提出的P图-P Chart,后来此类控制图都被叫做休姆哈特控制图。从休姆哈特的P图算起,SPC理论从创立到今天已接近百年。
SPC理论创立之初,恰逢美国大萧条时期,该理论当时理论无人问津。后来二次世界大战时,SPC理论在帮助美国军方提升武器质量方面大显身手,于是战后开始风行全世界。不过二战后,美国无竞争对手,产品横行天下,SPC在美国并没有得到广泛重视。
日本二战战败后被美国接管,为了帮助日本的战后重建,美国军方邀请戴明到日本讲授SPC理论。1980年日本已居世界质量与劳动生产率的领导地位,其中一个重要的原因就是SPC理论的应用。1984年日本名古屋工业大学调查了115家日本各行业的中小型工厂,结果发现平均每家工厂采用137张控制图。
因此,SPC无论是在欧美还是日本,都是非常重要的质量改进工具,所以大家有必要去深入认识SPC、应用SPC、推广SPC。
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140页SPC培训PPT讲解
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IATF16949-2016版汽车行业质量管理体系程序文件标准培训全套资料