2021-02-21-C++学习之2

一、数据类型

1. 字符串类型
   • C风格字符串：char 变量名[] = "字符串值"
   • C++风格字符串：string 变量名 = “字符串值”

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string>  // 用C++风格字符串的需要包含这个头文件

int main()
{
	// C语言风格
	char str1[] = "hello world";
	cout << "str1 = " << str1 << endl;
	// C++风格，需要包含头文件
	string str2 = "hello world";
	cout << "str2 = " << str2 << endl;

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

打印结果：

str1 = hello world
str2 = hello world

2. 布尔类型 bool
   只占 1 个字节大小

true   false

代码示例：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	bool flag1 = true;
	cout << "flag1 = " << flag1 << endl;
	bool flag2 = true;
	cout << "flag2 = " << flag2 << endl;

	cout << "bool占内存：" << sizeof(bool) << endl;

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

打印结果：

flag1 = 1
flag2 = 1
bool占内存：1

3. 数据的输入
   作用：从键盘获取数据
   关键字：cin
   语法：cin >> 变量
   代码示例：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include<string>

int main()
{
	//1、整型
	int a = 0;
	cout << "请给整型变量 a 赋值：" << endl;
	cin >> a;
	cout << "a = " << a << endl;
	//2、浮点型
	float f = 3.14;
	cout << "请给浮点型变量 f 赋值：" << endl;
	cin >> f;
	cout << "f = " << f << endl;
	//3、字符型
	char ch = 'a';
	cout << "请给字符型变量 ch 赋值：" << endl;
	cin >> ch;
	cout << "ch = " << ch << endl;
	//字符串型
	string str = "hello";
	cout << "请给字符串型变量 str 赋值：" << endl;
	cin >> str;
	cout << "str = " << str << endl;
	//布尔型
	bool flag = true;
	cout << "请给字符串型变量 flag 赋值：" << endl;
	cin >> flag;
	cout << "flag = " << flag << endl;

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

打印结果：

请给整型变量 a 赋值：
5
a = 5
请给浮点型变量 f 赋值：
3.14
f = 3.14
请给字符型变量 ch 赋值：
a
ch = a
请给字符串型变量 str 赋值：
hello
str = hello
请给字符串型变量 flag 赋值：
false
flag = 0
请按任意键继续. . .

二、运算符
- 算术运算符 ->用于处理四则运算
- 赋值运算符 ->用于将表达式的值赋给变量
- 比较运算符 ->用于表达式的比较，并返回一个真值或假值
- 逻辑运算符 ->用于根据表达式的值返回真值或假值

1. 算术运算符
   
   代码示例–加减乘除：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	int a1 = 10;
	int b1 = 3;
	cout << "a1 + b1 = " << a1 + b1 << endl;
	cout << "a1 - b1 = " << a1 - b1 << endl;
	cout << "a1 * b1 = " << a1 * b1 << endl;

	// 两个整数相除，结果仍然是整数，将小数部分去除
	cout << "a1 / b1 = " << a1 / b1 << endl;
	int a2 = 10;
	int b2 = 20;
	cout << "a2 / b2 = " << a2 / b2 << endl;
	// 两个数相除，除数不能为0
	//int a3 = 10;
	//int b3 = 0;
	//cout << "a3 / b3 = " << a3 / b3 << endl;
	//两个小数可以相除，运算结果可以是小数，也可以是整数
	double d1 = 0.5;
	double d2 = 0.22;
	cout << "d1 / d2 = " << d1 / d2 << endl;

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

打印结果：

a1 + b1 = 13
a1 - b1 = 7
a1 * b1 = 30
a1 / b1 = 3
a2 / b2 = 0
d1 / d2 = 2.27273

代码示例–取模运算：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	//取模运算的本质就是求余数
	int a1 = 10;
	int b1 = 3;
	cout << "a1 % b1 = " << a1 % b1 << endl;

	int a2 = 10;
	int b2 = 20;
	cout << "a2 % b2 = " << a2 % b2 << endl;

	//两个数相除，除数不可以为0，所以也做不了取模运算
	//int a3 = 10;
	//int b3 = 0;
	//cout << "a3 % b3 = " << a3 % b3 << endl;

	//两个小数不可以做取模运算
	//double d1 = 3.14;
	//double d2 = 1.1;
	//cout << "d1 % d2 = " << d1 % d2 << endl;

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

打印结果：

a1 % b1 = 1
a2 % b2 = 10
请按任意键继续. . .

代码示例–递增递减：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	//前置递增
	int a = 10;
	++a;
	cout << "a = " << a << endl;
	//后置递增
	int b = 10;
	b++;
	cout << "b = " << b << endl;
	int a2 = 10;
	int b2 = ++a2 * 10; // a2先自加1，再 * 10
	cout << "a2 = " << a2 << endl;
	cout << "b2 = " << b2 << endl;

	int a3 = 10;
	int b3 = a3++ * 10; // a2先 * 10，再自加 1 
	cout << "a3 = " << a3 << endl;
	cout << "b3 = " << b3 << endl;

	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

打印结果：

a = 11
b = 11
a2 = 11
b2 = 110
a3 = 11
b3 = 100
请按任意键继续. . .

2. 赋值运算符
   
3. 比较运算符
   
   代码示例：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
	int a = 10;
	int b = 20;
	cout << (a == b) << endl;
	cout << (a != b) << endl;
	cout << (a <= b) << endl;
	cout << (a >= b) << endl;
	cout << (a > b) << endl;
	cout << (a < b) << endl;
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

打印结果：

0
1
1
0
0
1
请按任意键继续. . .

4. 逻辑运算符