C++自学篇 泛型编程（模板与具体化）

前言

C++的泛型编程是一种基于模板的编程技术，它允许在编写代码时使用未知的数据类型。泛型编程的目标是实现可重用、灵活和高效的代码。在C++中，泛型编程主要通过模板来实现。模板是一种用来生成代码的蓝图，它可以根据不同的数据类型生成特定的代码。
1.C++提供了两种模板：函数模板和类模板。除了C++提供的函数模板和类模板，还有介于这两者之间的类成员函数模板。
2.模板具体化（Template Specialization）是一种特殊情况，它允许为特定的模板参数提供特定的实现。当模板代码无法满足特定类型或特定条件的需求时，可以使用模板具体化来提供针对这些特定情况的定制实现。模板具体化分为两种类型：完全具体化（Full Specialization）和偏特化（Partial Specialization）。完全具体化：完全具体化是对模板的每个模板参数都提供了特定的实现。偏特化：偏特化是对模板的部分模板参数提供特定的实现。

函数模板

代码如下：

#include <iostream>

template <typename T>
T tempConver(T val);

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    const int intInput[] = {12, 13};
    const float floatInput[] = {12.0, 12.4, 12.5, 13.0};

    for (auto val : intInput) {
        auto temp = tempConver(val);
        std::cout << "[int]" << val << " -> " << temp << ": " << typeid(temp).name() << std::endl;
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    for (auto val : floatInput) {
        auto temp = tempConver(val);
        std::cout << "[float]" << val << " -> " << temp << ": " << typeid(temp).name() << std::endl;
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

template <typename T>
T tempConver(T val)
{
    auto tempF = ((val * (9 / 5)) + 32.00);
    T ret = static_cast<T>(tempF);
    return ret;
}

运行结果如下：

[int]12 -> 44: i
[int]13 -> 45: i

[float]12 -> 44: f
[float]12.4 -> 44.4: f
[float]12.5 -> 44.5: f
[float]13 -> 45: f

类模板

代码如下：

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>

template <typename T>
class UnitConver {
public:
    T tempConver(T val);
};

template <typename T>
T UnitConver<T>::tempConver(T val)
{
    auto tempF = ((val * (9 / 5)) + 32.00);
    T ret = static_cast<T>(tempF);
    return ret;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    std::shared_ptr<UnitConver<int>> intUnitConverManager = std::shared_ptr<UnitConver<int>>(new UnitConver<int>());
    std::shared_ptr<UnitConver<float>> floatUnitConverManager = std::shared_ptr<UnitConver<float>>(new UnitConver<float>());

    const int intInput[] = {12, 13};
    const float floatInput[] = {12.0, 12.4, 12.5, 13.0};

    for (auto val : intInput) {
        auto temp = intUnitConverManager->tempConver(val);
        std::cout << "[int]" << val << " -> " << temp << ": " << typeid(temp).name() << std::endl;
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    for (auto val : floatInput) {
        auto temp = floatUnitConverManager->tempConver(val);
        std::cout << "[int]" << val << " -> " << temp << ": " << typeid(temp).name() << std::endl;
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

运行结果如下：

[int]12 -> 44: i
[int]13 -> 45: i

[int]12 -> 44: f
[int]12.4 -> 44.4: f
[int]12.5 -> 44.5: f
[int]13 -> 45: f

类成员函数模板

代码如下：

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>

class UnitConver {
public:
    template <typename T>
    T tempConver(T val);
};

template <typename T>
T UnitConver::tempConver(T val)
{
    auto tempF = ((val * (9 / 5)) + 32.00);
    T ret = static_cast<T>(tempF);
    return ret;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    std::shared_ptr<UnitConver> intUnitConverManager = std::shared_ptr<UnitConver>(new UnitConver);

    const int intInput[] = {12, 13};
    const float floatInput[] = {12.0, 12.4, 12.5, 13.0};

    for (auto val : intInput) {
        auto temp = intUnitConverManager->tempConver(val);
        std::cout << "[int]" << val << " -> " << temp << ": " << typeid(temp).name() << std::endl;
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    for (auto val : floatInput) {
        auto temp = intUnitConverManager->tempConver(val);
        std::cout << "[int]" << val << " -> " << temp << ": " << typeid(temp).name() << std::endl;
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

运行结果如下：

[int]12 -> 44: i
[int]13 -> 45: i

[int]12 -> 44: f
[int]12.4 -> 44.4: f
[int]12.5 -> 44.5: f
[int]13 -> 45: f

模板具体化

代码如下：

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <math.h>

// Generic
template <typename T1, typename T2>
int calcMulti(const T1& val1, const T2& val2);

// Partial Specialization
template <typename T2>
int calcMulti(const float& val1, const T2& val2);

// Full Specialization
template <>
int calcMulti<int, float>(const int& val1, const float& val2);

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    const int intInput[] = {12, 13, 33, 34};
    const float floatInput[] = {12.0, 12.4, 12.5, 13.0};

    const int intInputNum = sizeof(intInput) / sizeof(intInput[0]);
    const int floatInputNum = sizeof(floatInput) / sizeof(floatInput[0]);
    const int inputNum = (intInputNum <= floatInputNum) ? intInputNum : floatInputNum;

    for (int i = 0; i < inputNum; i++) {
        auto temp = calcMulti(intInput[i], intInput[i]);
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    for (int i = 0; i < inputNum; i++) {
        auto temp = calcMulti(floatInput[i], intInput[i]);
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    for (int i = 0; i < inputNum; i++) {
        auto temp = calcMulti(intInput[i], floatInput[i]);
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

template <typename T1, typename T2>
int calcMulti(const T1& val1, const T2& val2)
{
    auto val = static_cast<float>(val1 * val2);
    auto ret = static_cast<int>(round(val));
    std::cout << "Generic Template: " << ret << std::endl;
    return ret;
}

template <typename T2>
int calcMulti(const float& val1, const T2& val2)
{
    auto val = static_cast<float>(val1 * val2);
    auto ret = static_cast<int>(round(val));
    std::cout << "<Partial Specialization> Template: " << ret << std::endl;
    return ret;
}

template <>
int calcMulti<int, float>(const int& val1, const float& val2)
{
    auto val = static_cast<float>(val1 * val2);
    auto ret = static_cast<int>(round(val));
    std::cout << "<Full Specialization> Template: " << ret << std::endl;
    return ret;
}

运行结果如下：

Generic Template: 144
Generic Template: 169
Generic Template: 1089
Generic Template: 1156

<Partial Specialization> Template: 144
<Partial Specialization> Template: 161
<Partial Specialization> Template: 413
<Partial Specialization> Template: 442

<Full Specialization> Template: 144
<Full Specialization> Template: 161
<Full Specialization> Template: 413
<Full Specialization> Template: 442