湍流公式推导系列——(一) 不可压湍动能方程的推导与含义

不可压流体的动量方程如式(1)所示，对其进行系综平均，平均后的方程为式(2)，即RANS方程，对式(1)与式(2)做差，得到脉动运动方程 (3)
$$\frac{\partial u_i}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial u_i{u}_j}{\partial x_j}=-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial p}{\partial x_i}+v\frac{{\partial }^2{u}_i}{\partial x_j^2}(1)$$
$$\frac{\partial {\bar{u}}_i}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial {\bar{u}}_i{\bar{u}}_j}{\partial x_j}=-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial \bar{p}}{\partial x_i}+v\frac{{\partial }^2{\bar{u}}_i}{\partial x_j^2}-\frac{\partial \overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }}}{\partial x_j}(2)$$
$$\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial t}+{\bar{u}}_j\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_j}+u_j^{\prime }\frac{\partial {\bar{u}}_i}{\partial x_j}=-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial p^{\prime }}{\partial x_i}+v\frac{{\partial }^2{u}_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_j^2}-\frac{\partial }{\partial x_j}\left(u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }-\overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }}\right)(3)$$
$u_i^{\prime }$与式(3)相乘后系综平均，并定义湍动能(TKE)为
$$k=\frac{1}{2}\overline{u_k^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\overline{u^{\prime 2}}+\overline{v^{\prime 2}}+\overline{w^{\prime 2}}\right)(4)$$
则湍动能输运方程为
$$\frac{\partial k}{\partial t}+{\bar{u}}_k\frac{\partial k}{\partial x_k}=-\overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }}\frac{\partial {\bar{u}}_i}{\partial x_k}-\frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}\left(\frac{1}{\rho }\overline{p^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }}+\overline{k^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }}-v\frac{\partial k}{\partial x_k}\right)-v\overline{\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}}(5)$$
其中$P_k=-\overline{{u^{\prime }}_i{u^{\prime }}_k}\frac{\partial {\bar{u}}_i}{\partial x_k}$为湍动能生成项，表示了由于剪切作用引起能量从平均动能向脉动动能传递；$D_k=\frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}\left(\frac{1}{\rho }\overline{p^{\prime }{u^{\prime }}_k}+\overline{k^{\prime }{u^{\prime }}_k}-\nu \frac{\partial k}{\partial x_k}\right)$为扩散项，表示了湍流的扩散效应； $\epsilon =\nu \overline{\frac{\partial {u^{\prime }}_i}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial {u^{\prime }}_i}{\partial x_k}}$为耗散项，表示由于粘性而引起的湍动能的耗散率。