平均动能K输运方程的推导

一、相关定义

雷诺分解可定义为
$$\begin{array}{rl}u& =U+u^{\prime }\\ v& =V+v^{\prime }\\ w& =W+w^{\prime }\\ p& =P+p^{\prime }\end{array}$$湍流的瞬时动能$k(t)$可以分解为平均动能$K$和湍动能$k$之和，即
$$k(t)=K+k$$其中，$K=\frac{1}{2}(U^2+V^2+W^2)$,$k=\frac{1}{2}(\overline{u^{\prime 2}}+\overline{v^{\prime 2}}+\overline{w^{\prime 2}})$。上横线表示均方根r.m.s:
$$\overline{{\phi }^{\prime 2}}=\frac{1}{\Delta t}{\int }_0^{\Delta t}({\phi }^{\prime }{)}^{2}dt.$$平均变形速率张量为：$$S_{ij}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{\partial V}{\partial y}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)& \frac{\partial W}{\partial z}\end{array}\right].$$

二、运算规则

Nabla算子的展开形式为：$\nabla =\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\vec{i}+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\vec{j}+\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\vec{k}$,其本身相当于一个向量，因而:

• 标量的梯度为向量：$$\nabla s=\frac{\partial s}{\partial x}\vec{i}+\frac{\partial s}{\partial y}\vec{j}+\frac{\partial s}{\partial z}\vec{k}$$
• 向量的散度为标量：$$\nabla \cdot \vec{v}=\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}$$
• 向量的梯度为张量：$$\nabla \vec{v}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}& \frac{\partial V}{\partial x}& \frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\\ \frac{\partial U}{\partial y}& \frac{\partial V}{\partial y}& \frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\\ \frac{\partial U}{\partial z}& \frac{\partial V}{\partial z}& \frac{\partial W}{\partial z}\end{array}\right]$$
• 张量的散度为向量：$$\begin{array}{rl}\nabla \cdot \tau & =\left(\frac{\partial {\tau }_{xx}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial {\tau }_{yx}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial {\tau }_{zx}}{\partial z}\right)\vec{i}\\ & \left(\frac{\partial {\tau }_{xy}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial {\tau }_{yy}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial {\tau }_{zy}}{\partial z}\right)\vec{j}\\ & \left(\frac{\partial {\tau }_{xz}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial {\tau }_{yz}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial {\tau }_{zz}}{\partial z}\right)\vec{k}\end{array}$$
• 向量与张量的乘积是向量：$$\begin{array}{rl}\mathbf{a}\cdot b_{ij}& =\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{a}_1& a_2& a_3\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{b}_{11}& b_{12}& b_{13}\\ b_{21}& b_{22}& b_{23}\\ b_{31}& b_{32}& b_{33}\end{array}\right]\\ & ={\left[\begin{array}{c}{a}_1{b}_{11}+a_2{b}_{21}+a_3{b}_{31}\\ a_1{b}_{12}+a_2{b}_{22}+a_3{b}_{32}\\ a_1{b}_{13}+a_2{b}_{23}+a_3{b}_{33}\end{array}\right]}^T\end{array}$$
• 张量与张量的乘积是标量：$$\begin{array}{rl}{a}_{ij}\cdot b_{ij}& =\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{a}_{11}& a_{12}& a_{13}\\ a_{21}& a_{22}& a_{23}\\ a_{31}& a_{32}& a_{33}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{b}_{11}& b_{12}& b_{13}\\ b_{21}& b_{22}& b_{23}\\ b_{31}& b_{32}& b_{33}\end{array}\right]\\ & =a_{11}{b}_{11}+a_{12}{b}_{12}+a_{13}{b}_{13}+a_{21}{b}_{21}+a_{22}{b}_{22}+\\ & a_{23}{b}_{23}+a_{31}{b}_{31}+a_{32}{b}_{32}+a_{33}{b}_{33}\end{array}$$

根据以上六点便足以由雷诺方程推导出平均动能$K$的输运方程。

三、推导过程

不可压缩流动的雷诺方程为：
$$\begin{array}{rl}\frac{\partial U}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot (U\mathbf{U})+\nabla \cdot (\overline{u^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }})& =-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial P}{\partial x}+\nu \nabla \cdot \nabla U（1）\\ \frac{\partial V}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot (V\mathbf{U})+\nabla \cdot (\overline{v^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }})& =-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial P}{\partial y}+\nu \nabla \cdot \nabla V（2）\\ \frac{\partial W}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot (W\mathbf{U})+\nabla \cdot (\overline{w^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }})& =-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial P}{\partial z}+\nu \nabla \cdot \nabla W（3）\end{array}$$其中，$\nabla \cdot (\overline{u^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }})、\nabla \cdot (\overline{v^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }})、\nabla \cdot (\overline{w^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }})$乘上密度$\rho$便是雷诺应力项。根据向量点乘的运算法则，可以将其表示为一个张量：$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}-\rho \overline{u^{\prime 2}}& -\rho \overline{u^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}& -\rho \overline{u^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\\ -\rho \overline{u^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}& -\rho \overline{v^{\prime 2}}& -\rho \overline{v^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\\ -\rho \overline{u^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}& -\rho \overline{v^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}& -\rho \overline{w^{\prime 2}}\end{array}\right).$$将雷诺方程的$x$方向乘以$U$,$y$方向乘以$V$,$z$方向乘以$W$,并相加即：$$U\cdot (1)+V\cdot (2)+W\cdot (3)$$再进行相应的化简合并便可以得到平均动能$K$的输运方程：$$\underset{①}{\frac{\partial (\rho K)}{\partial t}}+\underset{②}{\nabla \cdot (\rho K\mathbf{U})}=\nabla \cdot \left(\underset{③}{-P\mathbf{U}}+\underset{④}{2\mu \mathbf{U}{S}_{ij}}-\underset{⑤}{\rho \mathbf{U}\overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }}}\right)-\underset{⑥}{2\mu S_{ij}\cdot S_{ij}}+\underset{⑦}{\rho \overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }}\cdot S_{ij}}$$下面逐个推导出各项：

• 第一项①是关于时间偏导的，是非定常项，表示平均动能$K$的时间变化率:$$\begin{array}{rl}& U\frac{\partial U}{\partial t}+V\frac{\partial V}{\partial t}+W\frac{\partial W}{\partial t}\\ & =\frac{\partial \left(\frac{1}{2}{U}^2\right)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \left(\frac{1}{2}{V}^2\right)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \left(\frac{1}{2}{W}^2\right)}{\partial t}\\ & =\frac{\partial \left[\frac{1}{2}\left(U^2+V^2+W^2\right)\right]}{\partial t}\\ & =\frac{\partial K}{\partial t}\end{array}$$
• 第二项②是由于对流引起的平均动能的输运:$$\begin{array}{rl}& U\nabla \cdot (U\mathbf{U})+V\nabla \cdot (V\mathbf{U})+W\nabla \cdot (V\mathbf{U})\\ & =\nabla \cdot (\frac{1}{2}{U}^2\mathbf{U})+\nabla \cdot (\frac{1}{2}{V}^2\mathbf{U})+\nabla \cdot (\frac{1}{2}{W}^2\mathbf{U})\\ & =\nabla \cdot \left[\frac{1}{2}\left(U^2+V^2+W^2\right)\mathbf{U}\right]\\ & =\nabla \cdot \left(K\mathbf{U}\right)\end{array}$$
• 第三项③是由于压强引起的平均动能的输运:$$\begin{array}{rl}& -\frac{U}{\rho }\frac{\partial P}{\partial x}-\frac{V}{\rho }\frac{\partial P}{\partial y}-\frac{W}{\rho }\frac{\partial P}{\partial z}\\ & =-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial (PU)}{\partial x}+\frac{P}{\rho }\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial (PV)}{\partial y}+\frac{P}{\rho }\frac{\partial V}{\partial y}-\frac{1}{\rho }\frac{\partial (PW)}{\partial x}+\frac{P}{\rho }\frac{\partial W}{\partial z}\\ & =-\frac{1}{\rho }\nabla \cdot \left(P\mathbf{U}\right)+\frac{P}{\rho }\nabla \cdot \mathbf{U}\\ & =-\frac{1}{\rho }\nabla \cdot \left(P\mathbf{U}\right)\end{array}$$上面应用了不可压缩流体$\nabla \cdot \mathbf{U}=0$。
• 第四项④是由于粘性应力引起的平均动能的输运:$$\begin{array}{rl}& \nu U\nabla \cdot \nabla U+\nu V\nabla \cdot \nabla V+\nu W\nabla \cdot \nabla W\\ & =2\nu \nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf{U}{S}_{ij}\right)-2\nu S_{ij}\cdot S_{ij}\end{array}$$这一项有点难推，这里采用证明等式两边相等的方法，即将等式展开两边相等即可，只需展开$U\nabla \cdot \nabla U+V\nabla \cdot \nabla V+W\nabla \cdot \nabla W=2\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf{U}{S}_{ij}\right)-2S_{ij}\cdot S_{ij}$即可：$$\begin{array}{rl}& \nabla U=\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}\vec{i}+\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}\vec{j}+\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}\vec{k}.\\ & \nabla \cdot \nabla U=\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial x^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial y^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial z^2}.\\ & U\nabla \cdot \nabla U=U\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial x^2}+U\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial y^2}+U\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial z^2}.\end{array}$$同理可得$$\begin{array}{rl}V\nabla \cdot \nabla V& =V\frac{{\partial }^{2}V}{\partial x^2}+V\frac{{\partial }^{2}V}{\partial y^2}+V\frac{{\partial }^{2}V}{\partial z^2}.\\ W\nabla \cdot \nabla W& =W\frac{{\partial }^{2}W}{\partial x^2}+W\frac{{\partial }^{2}W}{\partial y^2}+W\frac{{\partial }^{2}W}{\partial z^2}.\end{array}$$对于右边两项，我们先看第一项：$\mathbf{U}{S}_{ij}$是向量与张量的点乘，即$$\begin{array}{rl}\mathbf{U}{S}_{ij}& =\left[\begin{array}{ccc}U& V& W\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{\partial V}{\partial y}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)& \frac{\partial W}{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\\ & ={\left[\begin{array}{c}U\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}+\frac{V}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)+\frac{W}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)\\ \frac{U}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)+V\frac{\partial V}{\partial y}+\frac{W}{2}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)\\ \frac{U}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)+\frac{V}{2}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)+W\frac{\partial W}{\partial z}\end{array}\right]}^T.\end{array}$$则进一步地有：$$\begin{array}{rl}2\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf{U}{S}_{ij}\right)& =2\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\cdot \left[\begin{array}{c}U\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}+\frac{V}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)+\frac{W}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)\\ \frac{U}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)+V\frac{\partial V}{\partial y}+\frac{W}{2}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)\\ \frac{U}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)+\frac{V}{2}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)+W\frac{\partial W}{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\\ & =2{\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}\right)}^2+2U\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+V\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial y\partial x}+{\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)}^2+V\frac{{\partial }^{2}V}{\partial x^2}+\\ & \frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+W\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial z\partial x}+{\left(\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)}^2+W\frac{{\partial }^{2}W}{\partial x^2}+\\ & {\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}\right)}^2+U\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial y^2}+\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}+U\frac{{\partial }^{2}V}{\partial x\partial y}+2{\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial y}\right)}^2+2V\frac{{\partial }^{2}V}{\partial y^2}+\\ & \frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+W\frac{{\partial }^{2}V}{\partial z\partial y}+{\left(\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)}^2+W\frac{{\partial }^{2}W}{\partial y^2}+\\ & {\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}\right)}^2+U\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial z^2}+\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}+U\frac{{\partial }^{2}W}{\partial x\partial z}+{\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}\right)}^2+V\frac{{\partial }^{2}V}{\partial z^2}+\\ & \frac{\partial V}{\partial z}\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}+V\frac{{\partial }^{2}W}{\partial y\partial z}+2{\left(\frac{\partial W}{\partial z}\right)}^2+2W\frac{{\partial }^{2}W}{\partial z^2}.\end{array}$$对于右边第二项则有：$$\begin{array}{rl}2S_{ij}\cdot S_{ij}& =2\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{\partial V}{\partial y}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)& \frac{\partial W}{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\cdot \left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{\partial V}{\partial y}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)& \frac{\partial W}{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\\ & =2{\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}\right)}^2+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}\right)}^2+\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)}^2+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}\right)}^2+\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)}^2+\\ & \frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}\right)}^2+\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)}^2+2{\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial y}\right)}^2+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}\right)}^2+\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)}^2+\\ & \frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}\right)}^2+\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)}^2+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}\right)}^2+\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)}^2+2{\left(\frac{\partial W}{\partial z}\right)}^2\\ & =2{\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}\right)}^2+2\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}+{\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}\right)}^2+2\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}+{\left(\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)}^2+\\ & 2{\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial y}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}\right)}^2+2\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}+{\left(\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)}^2+\\ & 2{\left(\frac{\partial W}{\partial z}\right)}^2.\end{array}$$则可以得到$2\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf{U}{S}_{ij}\right)-2S_{ij}\cdot S_{ij}$为$$\begin{array}{rl}2\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf{U}{S}_{ij}\right)-2S_{ij}\cdot S_{ij}& =U\nabla \cdot \nabla U+V\nabla \cdot \nabla V+W\nabla \cdot \nabla W+\\ & U\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{{\partial }^{2}x}+V\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial x\partial y}+W\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial z\partial x}+\\ & U\frac{{\partial }^{2}V}{\partial x\partial y}+V\frac{{\partial }^{2}V}{{\partial }^{2}y}+W\frac{{\partial }^{2}V}{\partial z\partial y}+\\ & U\frac{{\partial }^{2}W}{\partial x\partial z}+V\frac{{\partial }^{2}W}{\partial y\partial z}+W\frac{{\partial }^{2}W}{\partial z^2}.\end{array}$$又因为$$\begin{array}{rl}& U\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{{\partial }^{2}x}+U\frac{{\partial }^{2}V}{\partial x\partial y}+U\frac{{\partial }^{2}W}{\partial x\partial z}\\ & =U\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial z}\right)\\ & =U\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(\nabla \cdot \mathbf{U}\right)\\ & =0\end{array}$$同理$$\begin{array}{rl}& V\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial x\partial y}+V\frac{{\partial }^{2}V}{\partial y^2}+V\frac{{\partial }^{2}W}{\partial y\partial z}=0\\ & W\frac{{\partial }^{2}U}{\partial x\partial z}+W\frac{{\partial }^{2}V}{\partial y\partial z}+W\frac{{\partial }^{2}W}{\partial z^2}=0\end{array}$$故$U\nabla \cdot \nabla U+V\nabla \cdot \nabla V+W\nabla \cdot \nabla W=2\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf{U}{S}_{ij}\right)-2S_{ij}\cdot S_{ij}$成立。
• 第五项⑤是由于雷诺应力引起的平均动能的输运:$$U\nabla \cdot \left(\overline{u^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }}\right)+V\nabla \cdot \left(\overline{v^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }}\right)+W\nabla \cdot \left(\overline{w^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }}\right)=\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf{U}\overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }}\right)-\overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }}\cdot S_{ij}$$这里同样将采用通过验证等式两边相等来说明等式相等：$$\begin{array}{rl}\nabla \cdot \left(\overline{u^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }}\right)& =\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\cdot \left[\begin{array}{ccc}\overline{u^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}& \overline{u^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}& \overline{u^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]\\ & =\frac{\partial \overline{u^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \overline{u^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial \overline{u^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}}{\partial z}\end{array}$$同理$$\begin{array}{rl}\nabla \cdot \left(\overline{v^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }}\right)& =\frac{\partial \overline{v^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \overline{v^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial \overline{v^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}}{\partial z}\\ \nabla \cdot \left(\overline{w^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }}\right)& =\frac{\partial \overline{w^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \overline{w^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial \overline{w^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}}{\partial z}\end{array}$$故$$\begin{array}{rl}& U\nabla \cdot \left(\overline{u^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }}\right)+V\nabla \cdot \left(\overline{v^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }}\right)+W\nabla \cdot \left(\overline{w^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }}\right)\\ & =U\frac{\partial \overline{u^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}}{\partial x}+U\frac{\partial \overline{u^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}}{\partial y}+U\frac{\partial \overline{u^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}}{\partial z}\\ & V\frac{\partial \overline{v^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}}{\partial x}+V\frac{\partial \overline{v^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}}{\partial y}+V\frac{\partial \overline{v^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}}{\partial z}\\ & W\frac{\partial \overline{w^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}}{\partial x}+W\frac{\partial \overline{w^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}}{\partial y}+W\frac{\partial \overline{w^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}}{\partial z}\end{array}$$对于等式右边的第一项，$\mathbf{U}\overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }}$是向量与张量的运算：$$\begin{array}{rl}\mathbf{U}\overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }}& =\left[\begin{array}{ccc}U& V& W\end{array}\right]\cdot \left[\begin{array}{ccc}\overline{u^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}& \overline{u^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}& \overline{u^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\\ \overline{v^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}& \overline{v^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}& \overline{v^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\\ \overline{w^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}& \overline{w^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}& \overline{w^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]\\ & =\left[\begin{array}{c}U\overline{u^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}+V\overline{v^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}+W\overline{w^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}\\ U\overline{u^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}+V\overline{v^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}+W\overline{w^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}\\ U\overline{u^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}+V\overline{v^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}+W\overline{w^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]\end{array}$$则：$$\begin{array}{rl}\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf{U}\overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }}\right)& =\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\cdot \left[\begin{array}{c}U\overline{u^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}+V\overline{v^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}+W\overline{w^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}\\ U\overline{u^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}+V\overline{v^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}+W\overline{w^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}\\ U\overline{u^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}+V\overline{v^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}+W\overline{w^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]\\ & =\overline{u^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}+U\frac{\partial \overline{u^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}}{\partial x}+\overline{v^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}+V\frac{\partial \overline{v^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}}{\partial x}+\overline{w^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}+W\frac{\partial \overline{w^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}}{\partial x}+\\ & \overline{u^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+U\frac{\partial \overline{u^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}}{\partial y}+\overline{v^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial V}{\partial y}+V\frac{\partial \overline{v^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}}{\partial y}+\overline{w^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}+W\frac{\partial \overline{w^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}}{\partial y}+\\ & \overline{u^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+U\frac{\partial \overline{u^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}}{\partial z}+\overline{v^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+V\frac{\partial \overline{v^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}}{\partial z}+\overline{w^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial W}{\partial z}+W\frac{\partial \overline{w^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}}{\partial z}.\end{array}$$同样右边第二项可以得到：$$\begin{array}{rl}\overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }}\cdot S_{ij}& =\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\overline{u^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}& \overline{u^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}& \overline{u^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\\ \overline{v^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}& \overline{v^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}& \overline{v^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\\ \overline{w^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}& \overline{w^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}& \overline{w^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]\cdot \left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{\partial V}{\partial y}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)& \frac{\partial W}{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\\ & =\overline{u^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}+\overline{v^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}+\overline{w^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}+\\ & \overline{u^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\overline{v^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial V}{\partial y}+\overline{w^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}+\\ & \overline{u^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\overline{v^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\overline{w^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }}\frac{\partial W}{\partial z}.\end{array}$$由以上式子便可以验证：$$U\nabla \cdot \left(\overline{u^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }}\right)+V\nabla \cdot \left(\overline{v^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }}\right)+W\nabla \cdot \left(\overline{w^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }}\right)=\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf{U}\overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }}\right)-\overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }}\cdot S_{ij}$$
• 第六项⑥是平均动能的粘性耗散速率，已经在第四项推出。
• 第六项⑦是由于湍流产生而导致平均动能的损耗速率，已经在第五项推出。

将以上各项整合可以得到：$$\frac{\partial K}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot (K\mathbf{U})+\nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf{U}\overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }}\right)-\overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }}\cdot S_{ij}=-\frac{1}{\rho }\nabla \cdot \left(P\mathbf{U}\right)+2\nu \nabla \cdot \left(\mathbf{U}{S}_{ij}\right)-2\nu S_{ij}\cdot S_{ij}$$两边同时乘上密度$\rho$,并注意到$\nu =\frac{\mu }{\rho }$,并移项可以得到：$$\frac{\partial (\rho K)}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot (\rho K\mathbf{U})=\nabla \cdot (-P\mathbf{U}+2\mu \mathbf{U}{S}_{ij}-\rho \mathbf{U}\overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }})-2\mu S_{ij}\cdot S_{ij}+\rho \overline{u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }}\cdot S_{ij}$$

四、说明

由于输入公式较多，难免有所错漏，请大家指正。还有第四至第七项只是验证，如果大家有更简洁的方法，欢迎私聊讨论。

五、参考资料

• An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD (Second Edition). H K Versteeg and W Malalasekera
• The Finite Volume Method in Computational Fluid Dynamics: An Advanced Introduction with Open FOAM® and Matlab® F. Moukalled, L. Mangani and M. Darwish