湍动能k输运方程的推导

一、雷诺应力输运方程

雷诺应力输运方程的推导可以参考博主的另一篇博文《雷诺方程、脉动运动方程及雷诺应力输运方程的推导》。为方便查看，现将雷诺应力输运方程给出：$$\begin{array}{rl}& \frac{\partial ⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }⟩}{\partial t}+⟨u_k⟩\frac{\partial ⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x_k}=-⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨u_j⟩}{\partial x_k}-⟨u_j^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨u_i⟩}{\partial x_k}+⟨\frac{p^{\prime }}{\rho }\left(\frac{\partial u_j^{\prime }}{\partial x_i}+\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_j}\right)⟩\\ & -\frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}\left(\frac{⟨p^{\prime }{u}_i^{\prime }⟩}{\rho }{\delta }_{jk}+\frac{⟨p^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }⟩}{\rho }{\delta }_{ik}+⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩-\nu \frac{\partial ⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x_k}\right)-2\nu ⟨\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial u_j^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}⟩\end{array}$$

二、湍动能输运方程

湍动能输运方程可以雷诺应力输运方程推出，将雷诺应力输运方程作张量收缩运算，即将式中的下标$j$用$i$替换，得：$$\begin{array}{rl}& \frac{\partial ⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_i^{\prime }⟩}{\partial t}+⟨u_k⟩\frac{\partial ⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_i^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x_k}=-⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨u_i⟩}{\partial x_k}-⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨u_i⟩}{\partial x_k}+⟨\frac{p^{\prime }}{\rho }\left(\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_i}+\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_i}\right)⟩\\ & -\frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}\left(\frac{⟨p^{\prime }{u}_i^{\prime }⟩}{\rho }{\delta }_{ik}+\frac{⟨p^{\prime }{u}_i^{\prime }⟩}{\rho }{\delta }_{ik}+⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_i^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩-\nu \frac{\partial ⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_i^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x_k}\right)-2\nu ⟨\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}⟩\end{array}$$由于$$\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_i}=0$$$${\delta }_{ik}=\{\begin{array}{c}1,i=k\\ 0,i\ne k\end{array}$$故由上式得$$\begin{array}{rl}& \frac{\partial ⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_i^{\prime }⟩}{\partial t}+⟨u_k⟩\frac{\partial ⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_i^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x_k}=-2⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨u_i⟩}{\partial x_k}\\ & -\frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}\left(\frac{2⟨p^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩}{\rho }+⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_i^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩-\nu \frac{\partial ⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_i^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x_k}\right)-2\nu ⟨\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}⟩\end{array}$$将湍动能：$$k=\frac{1}{2}⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_i^{\prime }⟩=\frac{1}{2}\left(⟨u^{\prime 2}⟩+⟨v^{\prime 2}⟩+⟨w^{\prime 2}⟩\right)$$以及：$$k^{\prime }=\frac{1}{2}{u}_i^{\prime }{u}_i^{\prime }=\frac{1}{2}\left(u^{\prime 2}+v^{\prime 2}+w^{\prime 2}\right)$$代入上式得：$$\begin{array}{rl}& \frac{\partial (2k)}{\partial t}+⟨u_k⟩\frac{\partial (2k)}{\partial x_k}=-2⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨u_i⟩}{\partial x_k}\\ & -\frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}\left(\frac{2⟨p^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩}{\rho }+2⟨k^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩-\nu \frac{\partial (2k)}{\partial x_k}\right)-2\nu ⟨\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}⟩\end{array}$$两边除以$2$得湍动能输运方程：$$\begin{array}{rl}& \frac{\partial k}{\partial t}+⟨u_k⟩\frac{\partial k}{\partial x_k}=-⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨u_i⟩}{\partial x_k}-\frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}\left(\frac{⟨p^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩}{\rho }+⟨k^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩-\nu \frac{\partial k}{\partial x_k}\right)-\nu ⟨\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}⟩\end{array}\text{\hspace{1em}(1)}$$

三、湍动能输运方程另一种形式

在介绍湍动能输运方程的另一种形式之前，首先介绍应变率张量的分解：$$s_{ij}(t)=S_{ij}+s_{ij}^{\prime }$$其中$S_{ij}$可以表示成时间平均的形式$$S_{ij}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial U}{\partial x}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{\partial V}{\partial y}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{\partial y}\right)& \frac{\partial W}{\partial z}\end{array}\right].$$$$s_{ij}^{\prime }=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial u^{\prime }}{\partial x}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u^{\prime }}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial v^{\prime }}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u^{\prime }}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial w^{\prime }}{\partial x}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u^{\prime }}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial v^{\prime }}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{\partial v^{\prime }}{\partial y}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial v^{\prime }}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial w^{\prime }}{\partial y}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u^{\prime }}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial w^{\prime }}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u^{\prime }}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial w^{\prime }}{\partial y}\right)& \frac{\partial w^{\prime }}{\partial z}\end{array}\right].$$另外$S_{ij}$还可以表示成系综平均的形式，即$$S_{ij}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial ⟨u⟩}{\partial x}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u⟩}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial ⟨v⟩}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w⟩}{\partial x}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u⟩}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial ⟨v⟩}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{\partial ⟨v⟩}{\partial y}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w⟩}{\partial y}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w⟩}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w⟩}{\partial y}\right)& \frac{\partial ⟨w⟩}{\partial z}\end{array}\right].$$湍动能输运方程的另一种形式为：$$\frac{\partial k}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot (k⟨\mathbf{u}⟩)=\nabla \cdot \left(-\frac{⟨p^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }⟩}{\rho }+2\nu ⟨{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }{s}_{ij}^{\prime }⟩-\frac{1}{2}⟨u_i^{\prime }\cdot u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }⟩\right)-2\nu ⟨s_{ij}^{\prime }\cdot s_{ij}^{\prime }⟩-⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }⟩\cdot S_{ij}$$下面证明上式与式$(1)$是一致的：

• (1)$\nabla \cdot (k⟨\mathbf{u}⟩)=⟨u_k⟩\cdot \frac{\partial k}{\partial x_k}$ $$\begin{array}{rl}\nabla \cdot (k⟨\mathbf{u}⟩)& =k\nabla \cdot ⟨\mathbf{u}⟩+⟨\mathbf{u}⟩\cdot \nabla k\\ & =⟨\mathbf{u}⟩\cdot \nabla k\\ & =\left[\begin{array}{ccc}u& v& w\end{array}\right]\cdot \left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial k}{\partial x}& \frac{\partial k}{\partial y}& \frac{\partial k}{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\\ & =⟨u_k⟩\cdot \frac{\partial k}{\partial x_k}\end{array}$$

• (2)$-\nabla \cdot \frac{⟨p^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }⟩}{\rho }=-\frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}\frac{⟨p^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩}{\rho }$$$\begin{array}{rl}-\nabla \cdot \frac{⟨p^{\prime }{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }⟩}{\rho }& =-\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\cdot \left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{⟨p^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }⟩}{\rho }& \frac{⟨p^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }⟩}{\rho }& \frac{⟨p^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }⟩}{\rho }\end{array}\right]\\ & =-\frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}\frac{⟨p^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩}{\rho }\end{array}$$

• (3)$-\nabla \cdot \frac{1}{2}⟨u_i^{\prime }\cdot u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }⟩=-\frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}⟨k{u}_k^{\prime }⟩$
  $$\begin{array}{rl}-\nabla \cdot \frac{1}{2}⟨u_i^{\prime }\cdot u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }⟩& =-\nabla \cdot ⟨k^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }⟩\\ & =-\frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}⟨k^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩\end{array}$$

• (4)$-⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }⟩\cdot S_{ij}=-⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨u_i⟩}{\partial x_k}$ $$\begin{array}{rl}-⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_j^{\prime }⟩\cdot S_{ij}=& -\left[\begin{array}{ccc}⟨u^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }⟩& ⟨u^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }⟩& ⟨u^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }⟩\\ ⟨v^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }⟩& ⟨v^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }⟩& ⟨v^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }⟩\\ ⟨w^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }⟩& ⟨w^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }⟩& ⟨w^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }⟩\end{array}\right]\cdot \left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial ⟨u⟩}{\partial x}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u⟩}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial ⟨v⟩}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w⟩}{\partial x}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u⟩}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial ⟨v⟩}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{\partial ⟨v⟩}{\partial y}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w⟩}{\partial y}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w⟩}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w⟩}{\partial y}\right)& \frac{\partial ⟨w⟩}{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\\ =& ⟨u^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨u⟩}{\partial x}+⟨v^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨v⟩}{\partial x}+⟨w^{\prime }{u}^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨w⟩}{\partial x}+\\ & ⟨u^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨u⟩}{\partial y}+⟨v^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨v⟩}{\partial y}+⟨w^{\prime }{v}^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨w⟩}{\partial y}+\\ & ⟨u^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨u⟩}{\partial z}+⟨v^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨v⟩}{\partial z}+⟨w^{\prime }{w}^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨w⟩}{\partial z}\\ =& -⟨u_i^{\prime }{u}_k^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨u_i⟩}{\partial x_k}\end{array}$$

• (5)$2\nabla \cdot ⟨{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }{s}_{ij}^{\prime }⟩-2⟨s_{ij}^{\prime }\cdot s_{ij}^{\prime }⟩=\frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}\left(\frac{\partial k}{\partial x_k}\right)-⟨\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}⟩$
  $$\begin{array}{rl}{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }{s}_{ij}^{\prime }& =\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{u}^{\prime }& v^{\prime }& w^{\prime }\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial u^{\prime }}{\partial x}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u^{\prime }}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial v^{\prime }}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u^{\prime }}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial w^{\prime }}{\partial x}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u^{\prime }}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial v^{\prime }}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{\partial v^{\prime }}{\partial y}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial v^{\prime }}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial w^{\prime }}{\partial y}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u^{\prime }}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial w^{\prime }}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial v^{\prime }}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial w^{\prime }}{\partial y}\right)& \frac{\partial w^{\prime }}{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\\ & ={\left[\begin{array}{c}{u}^{\prime }\frac{\partial u^{\prime }}{\partial x}+\frac{v^{\prime }}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u^{\prime }}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial v^{\prime }}{\partial x}\right)+\frac{w^{\prime }}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u^{\prime }}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial w^{\prime }}{\partial x}\right)\\ \frac{u^{\prime }}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u^{\prime }}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial v^{\prime }}{\partial x}\right)+v^{\prime }\frac{\partial v^{\prime }}{\partial y}+\frac{w^{\prime }}{2}\left(\frac{\partial v^{\prime }}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial w^{\prime }}{\partial y}\right)\\ \frac{u^{\prime }}{2}\left(\frac{\partial u^{\prime }}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial w^{\prime }}{\partial x}\right)+\frac{v^{\prime }}{2}\left(\frac{\partial v^{\prime }}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial w^{\prime }}{\partial y}\right)+w^{\prime }\frac{\partial w^{\prime }}{\partial z}\end{array}\right]}^T.\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}2\nabla \cdot ⟨{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }{s}_{ij}^{\prime }⟩& =2\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\cdot \left[\begin{array}{c}⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}+\frac{⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)+\frac{⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)\\ \frac{⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)+⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}+\frac{⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)\\ \frac{⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)+\frac{⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)+⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\\ & =2{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+2⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}+⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y\partial x}+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x^2}+\\ & \frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}+⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z\partial x}+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x^2}+\\ & {\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y^2}+\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}+⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x\partial y}+2{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+2⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y^2}+\\ & \frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}+⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z\partial y}+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y^2}+\\ & {\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2+⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z^2}+\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}+⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x\partial z}+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2+⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z^2}+\\ & \frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}+⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y\partial z}+2{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2+2⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z^2}.\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}2⟨s_{ij}^{\prime }\cdot s_{ij}^{\prime }⟩=& 2\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)& \frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\cdot \\ & \left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)\\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)& \frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)& \frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\end{array}\right]\\ =& 2{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2+\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+\\ & \frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+2{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2+\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+\\ & \frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2+\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2+\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}+\frac{1}{2}{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+2{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2\\ =& 2{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+2\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2+2\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+\\ & 2{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2+2\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+\\ & 2{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2.\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}\frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}\left(\frac{\partial k}{\partial x_k}\right)=& \frac{{\partial }^{2}k}{\partial x^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}k}{\partial y^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}k}{\partial z^2}\\ =& ⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x^2}+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x^2}+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x^2}+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2\\ & +⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y^2}+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y^2}+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y^2}+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2\\ & +⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z^2}+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2+⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z^2}+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2+⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z^2}+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}⟨\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}⟩=& {\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2\\ & +{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2\\ & +{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2\end{array}$$故

$$\begin{array}{rl}\frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}\left(\frac{\partial k}{\partial x_k}\right)-⟨\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}⟩=& ⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x^2}+⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x^2}+⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x^2}+\\ & ⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y^2}+⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y^2}+⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y^2}+\\ & ⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z^2}+⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z^2}+⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z^2}+\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{rl}2\nabla \cdot ⟨{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }{s}_{ij}^{\prime }⟩-2⟨s_{ij}^{\prime }\cdot s_{ij}^{\prime }⟩=& \frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}\left(\frac{\partial k}{\partial x_k}\right)-⟨\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}⟩+\\ & ⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{{\partial }^{2}x}+⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x\partial y}+⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z\partial x}+\\ & ⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x\partial y}+⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{{\partial }^{2}y}+⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z\partial y}+\\ & ⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x\partial z}+⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y\partial z}+⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z^2}.\end{array}$$
又因为$$\begin{array}{rl}& ⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{{\partial }^{2}x}+⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x\partial y}+⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^{2}W}{\partial x\partial z}\\ =& ⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)\\ =& ⟨u^{\prime }⟩\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\left(\nabla \cdot ⟨{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }⟩\right)\\ =& 0\end{array}$$同理$$\begin{array}{rl}& ⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x\partial y}+⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y^2}+⟨v^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y\partial z}=0\\ & ⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x\partial z}+⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y\partial z}+⟨w^{\prime }⟩\frac{{\partial }^2⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z^2}=0\end{array}$$故$$2\nabla \cdot ⟨{\mathbf{u}}^{\prime }{s}_{ij}^{\prime }⟩-2⟨s_{ij}^{\prime }\cdot s_{ij}^{\prime }⟩=\frac{\partial }{\partial x_k}\left(\frac{\partial k}{\partial x_k}\right)-⟨\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}⟩$$所以两式是一致的。

四、湍动能耗散率$\epsilon$初识

湍动能耗散率$\epsilon$的定义为:$\epsilon =\nu ⟨\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}⟩$，其中：
$$\begin{array}{rl}⟨\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}⟩=& {\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial x}\right)}^2\\ & +{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial y}\right)}^2\\ & +{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨u^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨v^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{\partial ⟨w^{\prime }⟩}{\partial z}\right)}^2\end{array}$$由其展开式可知$⟨\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}\frac{\partial u_i^{\prime }}{\partial x_k}⟩$恒大于0，故湍动能耗散率$\epsilon >0$,因而在湍动能输运方程$(1)$中$\epsilon$总是使湍动能减小。

五、参考资料

• 《湍流理论与模拟》第二版.张兆顺、崔桂香、许春晓、黄伟希.

• An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics THE FINITE VOLUME METHOD (Second Edition). H K Versteeg and W Malalasekera