单变量导数的公式如下:
f
′
(
x
)
=
lim
Δ
x
→
0
f
(
x
+
Δ
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
Δ
x
(
1
)
f^{'}(x)=\lim \limits_{ \Delta x \to 0} \frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x} \qquad (1)
f′(x)=Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)−f(x)(1)
(1)式等价于
f
′
(
x
)
≈
f
(
x
+
Δ
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
Δ
x
Δ
x
取
很
小
的
值
f^{'}(x) \approx \frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x} \qquad \Delta x取很小的值
f′(x)≈Δxf(x+Δx)−f(x)Δx取很小的值
即
f
(
x
+
Δ
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
≈
f
′
(
x
)
⋅
Δ
x
f(x+\Delta x)-f(x) \approx f^{'}(x) ·\Delta x
f(x+Δx)−f(x)≈f′(x)⋅Δx
以此推广到多变量函数的近似公式
f
(
x
+
Δ
x
,
y
+
Δ
y
)
−
f
(
x
,
y
)
≈
∂
f
∂
x
⋅
Δ
x
+
∂
f
∂
y
⋅
Δ
y
f(x+\Delta x,y+\Delta y)-f(x,y) \approx \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} ·\Delta x+\frac{\partial f}{\partial y} ·\Delta y
f(x+Δx,y+Δy)−f(x,y)≈∂x∂f⋅Δx+∂y∂f⋅Δy
令
Δ
z
=
f
(
x
+
Δ
x
,
y
+
Δ
y
)
−
f
(
x
,
y
)
\Delta z=f(x+\Delta x,y+\Delta y)-f(x,y)
Δz=f(x+Δx,y+Δy)−f(x,y),即
Δ
z
=
∂
f
∂
x
⋅
Δ
x
+
∂
f
∂
y
⋅
Δ
y
\Delta z=\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} ·\Delta x+\frac{\partial f}{\partial y} ·\Delta y
Δz=∂x∂f⋅Δx+∂y∂f⋅Δy
表示成内积的形式即为:
Δ
z
=
(
∂
f
∂
x
,
∂
f
∂
y
)
.
(
Δ
x
,
Δ
y
)
\Delta z=(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} ,\frac{\partial f}{\partial y} ).(\Delta x,\Delta y)
Δz=(∂x∂f,∂y∂f).(Δx,Δy)