部分分式展开
部分分式展开的步骤主要为:
- 判断有理分式是否为假分式,若是则将其化为真分式。
有理分式
F ( x ) = N ( x ) D ( x ) = b m x m + b m − 1 x m − 1 + ⋯ b 1 x 1 + b 0 x 0 x n + a n − 1 x n − 1 + ⋯ a 1 x 1 + a 0 x 0 \def\MY#1#2{ #1_{#2} x^{#2}} F(x) = \frac{N(x)}{D(x)}= \frac{ \MY{b}{m} + \MY{b}{m-1} + \cdots \MY{b}{1} + \MY{b}{0}}{x^n + \MY{a}{n-1} + \cdots \MY{a}{1} + \MY{a}{0}} F(x)=D(x)N(x)=xn+an−1xn−1+⋯a1x1+a0x0bmxm+bm−1xm−1+⋯b1x1+b0x0
若分子 N ( x ) N(x) N(x) 的最高次幂大于等于分母 D ( x ) D(x) D(x) 的最高次幂,则 F ( x ) F(x) F(x) 为假分式。
【例】
F ( x ) = 2 x 4 + 3 x 3 + x 2 + 2 x x 2 + 4 x + 3 = 2 x 2 − 5 x + 15 − 43 x + 45 x 2 + 4 x + 3 \begin{aligned} F(x) &= \frac{2x^4 + 3x^3 + x^2 + 2x}{x^2 + 4x + 3}\\ &= 2x^2 - 5x + 15 - \frac{43x+45}{x^2 + 4x + 3} \end{aligned} F(x)=x2+4x+32x4+3x3+x2+2x=2x2−5x+15−x2+4x+343x+45
- 假设 F ( x ) F(x) F(x) 是假分式,对分母 D ( x ) D(x) D(x) 进行因式分解,因子可分为3中情况:单根,重根,复根。
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单根
F ( x ) = N ( x ) ( x − x 1 ) ( x − x 2 ) ⋯ ( x − x n ) = k 1 x − x 1 + k 2 x − x 2 + ⋯ k n x − x n \def\MY#1{(x-x_{#1})} \def\MYS#1{\frac{k_{#1}}{x-x_{#1}}} \begin{aligned} F(x) &= \frac{N(x)}{\MY{1}\MY{2}\cdots\MY{n}}\\ &= \MYS{1} + \MYS{2} + \cdots \MYS{n} \end{aligned} F(x)=(x−x1)(x−x2)⋯(x−xn)N(x)=x−x1k1+x−x2k2+⋯x−xnkn
其中, k i = F ( x ) ( x − x i ) ∣ x = x i k_i = F(x)(x-x_i) |_{x=x_i} ki=F(x)(x−xi)∣x=xi。
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重根
F ( x ) = N ( x ) ( x − x 1 ) r ( x − x r + 1 ) ⋯ ( x − x n ) = [ a 0 ( x − x 1 ) r + a 1 ( x − x 1 ) r − 1 + ⋯ + a r − 1 x − x 1 ] + ( k r + 1 x − x r + 1 + ⋯ + k n x − x n ) \begin{aligned} F(x) &= \frac{N(x)}{(x-x_1)^r(x-x_{r+1})\cdots(x-x_n)}\\ &= \left[\frac{a_0}{(x-x_1)^r} + \frac{a_1}{(x-x_1)^{r-1}} + \cdots + \frac{a_{r-1}}{x-x_1} \right]+ \left( \frac{k_{r+1}}{x-x_{r+1}} + \cdots + \frac{k_{n}}{x-x_{n}} \right) \end{aligned} F(x)=(x−x1)r(x−xr+1)⋯(x−xn)N(x)=[(x−x1)ra0+(x−x1)r−1a1+⋯+x−x1ar−1]+(x−xr+1kr+1+⋯+x−xnkn)
其中,从分式累加的形式可以推导出各个分式的系数:
a 0 = F ( x ) ( x − x 1 ) r ∣ x = x 1 a 1 = d [ F ( x ) ( x − x 1 ) r ] d x ∣ x = x 1 a 2 = 1 2 ! d 2 [ F ( x ) ( x − x 1 ) r ] d 2 x ∣ x = x 1 ⋯ a r − 1 = 1 ( r − 1 ) ! d r − 1 [ F ( x ) ( x − x 1 ) r ] d r − 1 x ∣ x = x 1 \begin{aligned} a_0 &= F(x)(x-x_1)^r|_{x=x_1}\\ a_1 &= \frac{\mathrm{d}[F(x)(x-x_1)^r]}{\mathrm{d}x}|_{x=x_1}\\ a_2 &= \frac{1}{2!}\frac{\mathrm{d}^2[F(x)(x-x_1)^r]}{\mathrm{d}^2x}|_{x=x_1}\\ &\cdots\\ a_{r-1} &= \frac{1}{(r-1)!}\frac{\mathrm{d}^{r-1}[F(x)(x-x_1)^r]}{\mathrm{d}^{r-1}x}|_{x=x_1} \end{aligned} a0a1a2ar−1=F(x)(x−x1)r∣x=x1=dxd[F(x)(x−x1)r]∣x=x1=2!1d2xd2[F(x)(x−x1)r]∣x=x1⋯=(r−1)!1dr−1xdr−1[F(x)(x−x1)r]∣x=x1
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复根
若分母的因子中存在复根,复根总是共轭成对出现的,因此可以当做单根来进行处理。另外就是复根的系数也是共轭对称的,即
F ( x ) = N ( x ) ( x − x 1 ) ( x − x 1 ∗ ) = k 1 x − x 1 + k 1 ∗ x − x 1 ∗ \begin{aligned} F(x) &= \frac{N(x)}{(x-x_1)(x-x_1^*)}\\ &= \frac{k_1}{x-x_1} + \frac{k_1^*}{x-x_1^*} \end{aligned} F(x)=(x−x1)(x−x1∗)N(x)=x−x1k1+x−x1∗k1∗
为避免复根,还可以将共轭复根只分解到二次因式的形式,如
F ( x ) = N ( x ) [ ( x + a ) 2 + b 2 ] ( x − x 3 ) = A x + B ( x + a ) 2 + b 2 + k 3 x − x 3 \begin{aligned} F(x) &= \frac{N(x)}{[(x+a)^2+b^2] (x-x_3) }\\ &= \frac{Ax+B}{(x+a)^2+b^2} + \frac{k_3}{x-x_3} \end{aligned} F(x)=[(x+a)2+b2](x−x3)N(x)=(x+a)2+b2Ax+B+x−x3k3
其中,单根的系数 k 3 k_3 k3 求法同上。
对于二次因式的系数,求法需要一定的技巧性,
如上式中,求解出 k 3 k_3 k3 后,令 x = 0 x=0 x=0,得 F ( 0 ) = B b 2 − k 3 x 3 F(0)=\frac{B}{b^2}-\frac{k_3}{x_3} F(0)=b2B−x3k3 求解出的 B B B,再令 x = + ∞ x = +\infty x=+∞,求解出 A A A。
【例题】
f ( x ) = x 2 ( x − 1 ) 2 = ( x − 1 ) 2 + 2 x − 1 ( x − 1 ) 2 = 1 + 2 x − 1 ( x − 1 ) 2 = 1 + A ( x − 1 ) 2 + B x − 1 A = ( 2 x − 1 ) ∣ x = 1 = 1 , B = d ( 2 x − 1 ) d x ∣ x = 1 = 2 f ( x ) = 1 + 1 ( x − 1 ) 2 + 2 x − 1 \begin{aligned} f(x) &= \frac{x^2}{(x-1)^2}\\ &= \frac{(x-1)^2 + 2x - 1}{(x-1)^2}\\ &= 1 + \frac{2x-1}{(x-1)^2}\\ &= 1 + \frac{A}{(x-1)^2} + \frac{B}{x-1}\\ A &= (2x-1)|_{x=1} = 1, \\ B &= \frac{d(2x-1)}{dx}|_{x=1} = 2\\ f(x) &= 1 + \frac{1}{(x-1)^2} + \frac{2}{x-1} \end{aligned} f(x)ABf(x)=(x−1)2x2=(x−1)2(x−1)2+2x−1=1+(x−1)22x−1=1+(x−1)2A+x−1B=(2x−1)∣x=1=1,=dxd(2x−1)∣x=1=2=1+(x−1)21+x−12