python学习——matplotlib基础操作

直方图

1 基本直方图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt #以后 plt 等价于 matplotlib.pyplot
from matplotlib import rcParams
rcParams['font.family'] = rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = 'SimHei'
#设置中文支持,中文字体为简体黑体
ax = plt.figure().add_subplot()		#建图，获取子图对象ax
ax.bar(x = (0.2,0.6,0.8,1.2),height = (1,2,3,0.5), width = 0.1)
#x表示4个柱子中心横坐标分别是0.2,0.6,0.8,1
#height表示4个柱子高度分别是1,2,3,0.5
#width表示柱子宽度0.1
ax.set_title ('我的直方图')			#设置标题
plt.show()			         	#显示绘图结果
plt.savefig("c:/tmp/bar.png")  		#将图保存为文件

纵向
ax.bar(x = (0.2,0.6,0.8,1.2),height = (1,2,3,0.5),width = 0.1)
横向
ax.barh(y = (0.2,0.6,0.8,1.2),width = (1,2,3,0.5), height = 0.1)

2 堆叠直方图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
ax = plt.figure().add_subplot()
labels = ['Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr']
num1 = [20, 30, 15, 35]		#Dept1的数据
num2 = [15, 30, 40, 20]		#Dept2的数据
cordx = range(len(num1))		#x轴刻度位置
rects1 = ax.bar(x = cordx, height=num1, width=0.5, color='red', 
                label="Dept1")
rects2 = ax.bar(x = cordx, height=num2, width=0.5, color='green', 
                label="Dept2", bottom=num1)	
ax.set_ylim(0, 100)		#y轴坐标范围
ax.set_ylabel("Profit")	#y轴含义(标签)
ax.set_xticks(cordx)		#设置x轴刻度位置
ax.set_xticklabels(labels)	#设置x轴刻度下方文字
ax.set_xlabel("In year 2020")	#x轴含义(标签)
ax.set_title("My Company")
ax.legend()			#在右上角显示图例说明
plt.show()

3 对比直方图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
ax = plt.figure(figsize=(10,5)).add_subplot()#建图，获取子图对象ax
ax.set_ylim(0,400)	#指定y轴坐标范围
ax.set_xlim(0,80)	#指定x轴坐标范围#以下是3组直方图的数据
x1 = [7, 17, 27, 37, 47, 57]	 #第一组直方图每个柱子中心点的横坐标
x2 = [13, 23, 33, 43, 53, 63] #第二组直方图每个柱子中心点的横坐标
x3 = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60]
y1 = [41, 39, 13, 69, 39, 14]	 #第一组直方图每个柱子的高度
y2 = [123, 15, 20, 105, 79, 37] #第二组直方图每个柱子的高度
y3 = [124, 91, 204, 264, 221, 175]
rects1 = ax.bar(x1, y1, facecolor='red', width=3, label = 'Iphone')
rects2 = ax.bar(x2, y2, facecolor='green', width=3, label = 'Huawei')
rects3 = ax.bar(x3, y3, facecolor='blue', width=3, label = 'Xiaomi')
ax.set_xticks(x3)		#x轴在x3中的各坐标点下面加刻度
ax.set_xticklabels(('A1','A2','A3','A4','A5','A6')) 
#指定x轴上每一刻度下方的文字
ax.legend() 			#显示右上角三组图的说明
def label(ax,rects): 		#在rects的每个柱子顶端标注数值
        for rect in rects:
            height = rect.get_height()
            ax.text(rect.get_x() + rect.get_width()/2, 
		height+14, str(height),rotation=90) #文字旋转90度
label(ax,rects1)
label(ax,rects2)
label(ax,rects3)
plt.show()

散点图、折线图

import math,random
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def drawPlot(ax):
	xs = [i / 100 for i in range(1500)] #1500个点的横坐标，间隔0.01
	ys = [10*math.sin(x) for x in xs]   
	#对应曲线y=10*sin(x)上的1500个点的y坐标
	ax.plot(xs,ys,"red",label = "Beijing") #画曲线y=10*sin(x)
	ys = list(range(-18,18))	
	random.shuffle(ys)		
	ax.scatter(range(16), ys[:16], c = "blue") #画散点
	ax.plot(range(16), ys[:16], "blue", label="Shanghai") #画折线
	ax.legend()			#显示右上角的各条折线说明
	ax.set_xticks(range(16))	#x轴在坐标0,1...15处加刻度
	ax.set_xticklabels(range(16))	#指定x轴每个刻度下方显示的文字
ax = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 4),dpi=100).add_subplot() #图像长宽和清晰度
drawPlot(ax)
plt.show()

饼图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def drawPie(ax):
	lbs = ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D')         	#四个扇区的标签
	sectors = [16, 29.55, 44.45, 10]   	#四个扇区的份额（百分比）
	expl = [0, 0.1, 0, 0]     		#四个扇区的突出程度
	ax.pie(x=sectors, labels=lbs, explode=expl,
		autopct='%.2f', shadow=True, labeldistance=1.1, 
               pctdistance = 0.6,startangle = 90)
	ax.set_title("pie sample")		#饼图标题
ax = plt.figure().add_subplot()
drawPie(ax)
plt.show()

热力图

import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
data = np.random.randint(0, 100, 30).reshape(5, 6)
#生成一个5行六列，元素[0,100]内的随机矩阵
xlabels = ['Beijing', 'Shanghai', 'Chengdu', 'Guangzhou', 'Hangzhou', 
		'Wuhan']
ylabels = ['2016', '2017', '2018', '2019', '2020']
ax = plt.figure(figsize=(10,8)).add_subplot()
ax.set_yticks(range(len(ylabels))) #y轴在坐标[0,len(ylabels)) 处加刻度
ax.set_yticklabels(ylabels)	#设置y轴刻度文字
ax.set_xticks(range(len(xlabels)))
ax.set_xticklabels(xlabels)
heatMp = ax.imshow(data, cmap=plt.cm.hot, aspect='auto',
		vmin = 0,vmax = 100)
for i in range(len(xlabels)):
	for j in range(len(ylabels)):
		ax.text(i,j,data[j][i],ha = "center",va = "center",
				  color = "blue",size=26)
plt.colorbar(heatMp)	#绘制右边的颜色-数值对照柱
plt.xticks(rotation=45,ha="right")  #将x轴刻度文字进行旋转，且水平方向右对齐
plt.title("Sales Volume(ton)")
plt.show()

雷达图

1 基本雷达图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import rcParams	#处理汉字用
def drawRadar(ax):
	pi = 3.1415926
	labels = ['EQ','IQ','人缘','魅力','财富','体力'] #6个属性的名称
	attrNum = len(labels)  #attrNum是属性种类数，此处等于6
	data = [7,6,8,9,8,2]   #六个属性的值
	angles = [2*pi*i/attrNum  for i in range(attrNum)]
	#angles是以弧度为单位的6个属性对应的6条半径线的角度
	angles2 = [x * 180/pi for x in angles]
	#angles2是以角度为单位的6个属性对应的半径线的角度
	ax.set_ylim(0, 10)          	#限定半径线上的坐标范围
	ax.set_thetagrids(angles2,labels,fontproperties="SimHei" )
	#绘制6个属性对应的6条半径
	ax.fill(angles,data,facecolor= 'g',alpha=0.25) #填充,alpha:透明度
rcParams['font.family'] = rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = 'SimHei' 
#处理汉字
ax = plt.figure().add_subplot(projection = "polar")  #生成极坐标形式子图
drawRadar(ax)
plt.show()

2 多层雷达图

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import rcParams
rcParams['font.family'] = rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = 'SimHei'
pi = 3.1415926
labels = ['EQ','IQ','人缘','魅力','财富','体力'] #6个属性的名称
attrNum = len(labels)
names = ('张三','李四','王五')
data = [[0.40,0.32,0.35], [0.85,0.35,0.30],
        [0.40,0.32,0.35], [0.40,0.82,0.75],
        [0.14,0.12,0.35], [0.80,0.92,0.35]]  #三个人的数据
angles = [2*pi*i/attrNum  for i in range(attrNum)]
angles2 = [x * 180/pi for x in angles]
ax = plt.figure().add_subplot(projection = "polar")
ax.fill(angles,data,alpha= 0.25）
ax.set_thetagrids(angles2,labels)
ax.set_title('三巨头人格分析',y = 1.05) #y指明标题垂直位置
ax.legend(names,loc=(0.95,0.9)) #画出右上角不同人的颜色说明
plt.show()

多子图

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8,8))
ax = fig.add_subplot(2,2,1) #窗口分割成2*2，取位于第1个方格的子图
drawPie(ax)#饼图函数
ax = fig.add_subplot(2,2,2,projection = "polar")
drawRadar(ax)#雷达图函数
ax = plt.subplot2grid((2, 2), (1, 0), colspan=2)
#窗口分割成2*2共4个格子，子图从(1,0)位置开始，占两列
#或写成: ax = fig.add_subplot(2,1,2) 窗口分割成2*1，取第二个子图
drawPlot(ax)
plt.figtext(0.05,0.05,'subplot sample')  #显示左下角的图像标题
plt.show()