前言
生成式建模的扩散思想实际上已经在2015年（Sohl-Dickstein等人）提出，然而，直到2019年斯坦福大学（Song等人）、2020年Google Brain（Ho等人）才改进了这个方法，从此引发了生成式模型的新潮流。目前，包括OpenAI的GLIDE和DALL-E 2，海德堡大学的Latent Diffusion和Google Brain的ImageGen，都基于diffusion模型，并可以得到高质量的生成效果。本文以下讲解主要基于DDPM，并适当地增加一些目前有效的改进内容。
基本原理
扩散模型包括两个步骤：
固定的（或预设的）前向扩散过程q：该过程会逐渐将高斯噪声添加到图像中，直到最终得到纯噪声。
可训练的反向去噪扩散过程
：训练一个神经网络，从纯噪音开始逐渐去噪，直到得到一个真实图像。
前向与后向的步数由下标 t定义，并且有预先定义好的总步数 T（DDPM原文中为1000）。
t=0 时为从数据集中采样得到的一张真实图片， t=T 时近似为一张纯粹的噪声。
2.1 直观理解
为了看懂扩散模型查了很多资料，但是要么就是大量的数学公式，一行行公式推完了还是不知道它想干啥。要么就是高视角，上来就和能量模型，VAE放一块儿对比说共同点和不同点，看完还是云里雾里。然而事实上下面几句话就能把扩散模型说明白了
扩散模型的目的是什么？
学习从纯噪声生成图片的方法
扩散模型是怎么做的？
训练一个U-Net，接受一系列加了噪声的图片，学习预测所加的噪声
前向过程在干啥？
逐步向真实图片添加噪声最终得到一个纯噪声
对于训练集中的每张图片，都能生成一系列的噪声程度不同的加噪图片
在训练时，这些 【不同程度的噪声图片 + 生成它们所用的噪声】 是实际的训练样本
反向过程在干啥？
训练好模型后，采样、生成图片
2.2 数学形式
2.2.1 前向过程
是真实数据分布（也就是真实的大量图片），从这个分布中采样即可得到一张真实图片 
。我们定义前向扩散过程为 
，即每一个step向图片添加噪声的过程，并定义好一系列
，则有：
其中，N为正态分布，均值和方差分别为
，因此通过采样标准正态分布
，有：
2.2.2 反向过程
那么问题的核心就是如何得到的逆过程
，这个过程无法直接求出来，所以我们使用神经网络去拟合这一分布。我们使用一个具有参数的神经网络去计算 
。假设反向的条件概率分布也是高斯分布，且高斯分布实际上只有两个参数：均值和方差，那么神经网络需要计算的实际上是
在DDPM中，方差被固定，网络只学习均值。而之后的改进模型中，方差也可由网络学习得到。
2.2.3 总结过程
总之，我们定义这么一个过程：给一张图片逐步加噪声直到变成纯粹的噪声，然后对噪声进行去噪得到真实的图片。所谓的扩散模型就是让神经网络学习这个去除噪声的方法。
所谓的加噪声，就是基于稍微干净的图片计算一个（多维）高斯分布（每个像素点都有一个高斯分布，且均值就是这个像素点的值，方差是预先定义的），然后从这个多维分布中抽样一个数据出来，这个数据就是加噪之后的结果。显然，如果方差非常非常小，那么每个抽样得到的像素点就和原本的像素点的值非常接近，也就是加了一个非常非常小的噪声。如果方差比较大，那么抽样结果就会和原本的结果差距较大。
去噪声也是同理，我们基于稍微噪声的图片计算一个条件分布，我们希望从这个分布中抽样得到的是相比于
2.3 网络训练流程
我们最终要训练的实际上是一个噪声预测器。神经网络输出的噪声是
，而真实的噪声取自于正态分布。则损失函数为：
预测网络方面，DDPM采用了 U-Net。
从而，网络的训练流程为：
我们接受一个随机的样本
；
我们随机从 1 到 T 采样一个 t；
我们从高斯分布采样一些噪声并且施加在输入上；
网络从被影响过后的噪声图片学习其被施加了的噪声。
代码
3.1 Network helpers
先是一些辅助函数和类。
-
def
exists(
x):
-
return x
is
not
None
-
-
# 有val时返回val，val为None时返回d
-
def
default(
val, d):
-
if exists(val):
-
return val
-
return d()
if isfunction(d)
else d
-
-
# 残差模块，将输入加到输出上
-
class
Residual(nn.Module):
-
def
__init__(
self, fn):
-
super().__init__()
-
self.fn = fn
-
-
def
forward(
self, x, *args, **kwargs):
-
return self.fn(x, *args, **kwargs) + x
-
-
# 上采样（反卷积）
-
def
Upsample(
dim):
-
return nn.ConvTranspose2d(dim, dim,
4,
2,
1)
-
-
# 下采样
-
def
Downsample(
dim):
-
return nn.Conv2d(dim, dim,
4,
2,
1)
3.2 Positional embeddings
类似于Transformer的positional embedding，为了让网络知道当前处理的是一系列去噪过程中的哪一个step，我们需要将步数 t 也编码并传入网络之中。DDPM采用正弦位置编码（Sinusoidal Positional Embeddings）。这一方法的输入是shape为 (batch_size, 1) 的 tensor，也就是batch中每一个sample所处的t ，并将这个tensor转换为shape为 (batch_size, dim) 的 tensor。这个tensor会被加到每一个残差模块中。
-
class
SinusoidalPositionEmbeddings(nn.Module):
-
def
__init__(
self, dim):
-
super().__init__()
-
self.dim = dim
-
-
def
forward(
self, time):
-
device = time.device
-
half_dim = self.dim //
2
-
embeddings = math.log(
10000) / (half_dim -
1)
-
embeddings = torch.exp(torch.arange(half_dim, device=device) * -embeddings)
-
embeddings = time[:,
None] * embeddings[
None, :]
-
embeddings = torch.cat((embeddings.sin(), embeddings.cos()), dim=-
1)
-
return embeddings
3.3 ResNet/ConvNeXT block
U-Net的Block实现，可以用ResNet或ConvNeXT。
-
class
Block(nn.Module):
-
def
__init__(
self, dim, dim_out, groups = 8):
-
super().__init__()
-
self.proj = nn.Conv2d(dim, dim_out,
3, padding =
1)
-
self.norm = nn.GroupNorm(groups, dim_out)
-
self.act = nn.SiLU()
-
-
def
forward(
self, x, scale_shift = None):
-
x = self.proj(x)
-
x = self.norm(x)
-
-
if exists(scale_shift):
-
scale, shift = scale_shift
-
x = x * (scale +
1) + shift
-
-
x = self.act(x)
-
return x
-
-
class
ResnetBlock(nn.Module):
-
"""Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition"""
-
-
def
__init__(
self, dim, dim_out, *, time_emb_dim=None, groups=8):
-
super().__init__()
-
self.mlp = (
-
nn.Sequential(nn.SiLU(), nn.Linear(time_emb_dim, dim_out))
-
if exists(time_emb_dim)
-
else
None
-
)
-
-
self.block1 = Block(dim, dim_out, groups=groups)
-
self.block2 = Block(dim_out, dim_out, groups=groups)
-
self.res_conv = nn.Conv2d(dim, dim_out,
1)
if dim != dim_out
else nn.Identity()
-
-
def
forward(
self, x, time_emb=None):
-
h = self.block1(x)
-
-
if exists(self.mlp)
and exists(time_emb):
-
time_emb = self.mlp(time_emb)
-
h = rearrange(time_emb,
"b c -> b c 1 1") + h
-
-
h = self.block2(h)
-
return h + self.res_conv(x)
-
-
class
ConvNextBlock(nn.Module):
-
"""A ConvNet for the 2020s"""
-
-
def
__init__(
self, dim, dim_out, *, time_emb_dim=None, mult=2, norm=True):
-
super().__init__()
-
self.mlp = (
-
nn.Sequential(nn.GELU(), nn.Linear(time_emb_dim, dim))
-
if exists(time_emb_dim)
-
else
None
-
)
-
-
self.ds_conv = nn.Conv2d(dim, dim,
7, padding=
3, groups=dim)
-
-
Get an email address at self.net. It
's ad-free, reliable email that's based on your own name | self.net = nn.Sequential(
-
nn.GroupNorm(
1, dim)
if norm
else nn.Identity(),
-
nn.Conv2d(dim, dim_out * mult,
3, padding=
1),
-
nn.GELU(),
-
nn.GroupNorm(
1, dim_out * mult),
-
nn.Conv2d(dim_out * mult, dim_out,
3, padding=
1),
-
)
-
self.res_conv = nn.Conv2d(dim, dim_out,
1)
if dim != dim_out
else nn.Identity()
-
-
def
forward(
self, x, time_emb=None):
-
h = self.ds_conv(x)
-
-
if exists(self.mlp)
and exists(time_emb):
-
condition = self.mlp(time_emb)
-
h = h + rearrange(condition,
"b c -> b c 1 1")
-
-
h = Get an email address at self.net. It
's ad-free, reliable email that's based on your own name | self.net(h)
-
return h + self.res_conv(x)
3.4 Attention module
包含两种attention模块，一个是常规的 multi-head self-attention，一个是 linear attention variant。
-
class
Attention(nn.Module):
-
def
__init__(
self, dim, heads=4, dim_head=32):
-
super().__init__()
-
self.scale = dim_head**-
0.5
-
self.heads = heads
-
hidden_dim = dim_head * heads
-
self.to_qkv = nn.Conv2d(dim, hidden_dim *
3,
1, bias=
False)
-
self.to_out = nn.Conv2d(hidden_dim, dim,
1)
-
-
def
forward(
self, x):
-
b, c, h, w = x.shape
-
qkv = self.to_qkv(x).chunk(
3, dim=
1)
-
q, k, v =
map(
-
lambda t: rearrange(t,
"b (h c) x y -> b h c (x y)", h=self.heads), qkv
-
)
-
q = q * self.scale
-
-
sim = einsum(
"b h d i, b h d j -> b h i j", q, k)
-
sim = sim - sim.amax(dim=-
1, keepdim=
True).detach()
-
attn = sim.softmax(dim=-
1)
-
-
out = einsum(
"b h i j, b h d j -> b h i d", attn, v)
-
out = rearrange(out,
"b h (x y) d -> b (h d) x y", x=h, y=w)
-
return self.to_out(out)
-
-
class
LinearAttention(nn.Module):
-
def
__init__(
self, dim, heads=4, dim_head=32):
-
super().__init__()
-
self.scale = dim_head**-
0.5
-
self.heads = heads
-
hidden_dim = dim_head * heads
-
self.to_qkv = nn.Conv2d(dim, hidden_dim *
3,
1, bias=
False)
-
-
self.to_out = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(hidden_dim, dim,
1),
-
nn.GroupNorm(
1, dim))
-
-
def
forward(
self, x):
-
b, c, h, w = x.shape
-
qkv = self.to_qkv(x).chunk(
3, dim=
1)
-
q, k, v =
map(
-
lambda t: rearrange(t,
"b (h c) x y -> b h c (x y)", h=self.heads), qkv
-
)
-
-
q = q.softmax(dim=-
2)
-
k = k.softmax(dim=-
1)
-
-
q = q * self.scale
-
context = torch.einsum(
"b h d n, b h e n -> b h d e", k, v)
-
-
out = torch.einsum(
"b h d e, b h d n -> b h e n", context, q)
-
out = rearrange(out,
"b h c (x y) -> b (h c) x y", h=self.heads, x=h, y=w)
-
return self.to_out(out)
3.5 Group normalization
DDPM的作者对U-Net的卷积/注意力层使用GN正则化。下面，我们定义了一个PreNorm类，它将被用于在注意力层之前应用groupnorm。值得注意的是，归一化在Transformer中是在注意力之前还是之后应用，目前仍存在着争议。
-
class
PreNorm(nn.Module):
-
def
__init__(
self, dim, fn):
-
super().__init__()
-
self.fn = fn
-
self.norm = nn.GroupNorm(
1, dim)
-
-
def
forward(
self, x):
-
x = self.norm(x)
-
return self.fn(x)
3.6 Conditional U-Net
现在，我们已经定义了所有的组件，接下来就是定义完整的网络了。
输入：噪声图片的batch+这些图片各自的t。
输出：预测每个图片上所添加的噪声。
Input：a batch of noisy images of shape ( batch_size, num_channels, h, w ) and a batch of steps of shape ( batch_size, 1 )
output: a tensor of shape ( batch_size, num_channels, h, w )
具体的网络结构：
首先，输入通过一个卷积层，同时计算step t 所对应的embedding
通过一系列的下采样stage，每个stage都包含：2个ResNet/ConvNeXT blocks + groupnorm + attention + residual connection + downsample operation
在网络中间，应用一个带attention的ResNet或者ConvNeXT
通过一系列的上采样stage，每个stage都包含：2个ResNet/ConvNeXT blocks + groupnorm + attention + residual connection + upsample operation
最终，通过一个ResNet/ConvNeXT blocl和一个卷积层。
-
class
Unet(nn.Module):
-
def
__init__(
-
self,
-
dim,
-
init_dim=None,
-
out_dim=None,
-
dim_mults=(1, 2, 4, 8),
-
channels=3,
-
with_time_emb=True,
-
resnet_block_groups=8,
-
use_convnext=True,
-
convnext_mult=2,
-
):
-
super().__init__()
-
-
# determine dimensions
-
self.channels = channels
-
-
init_dim = default(init_dim, dim //
3 *
2)
-
self.init_conv = nn.Conv2d(channels, init_dim,
7, padding=
3)
-
-
dims = [init_dim, *
map(
lambda m: dim * m, dim_mults)]
-
in_out =
list(
zip(dims[:-
1], dims[
1:]))
-
-
if use_convnext:
-
block_klass = partial(ConvNextBlock, mult=convnext_mult)
-
else:
-
block_klass = partial(ResnetBlock, groups=resnet_block_groups)
-
-
# time embeddings
-
if with_time_emb:
-
time_dim = dim *
4
-
self.time_mlp = nn.Sequential(
-
SinusoidalPositionEmbeddings(dim),
-
nn.Linear(dim, time_dim),
-
nn.GELU(),
-
nn.Linear(time_dim, time_dim),
-
)
-
else:
-
time_dim =
None
-
self.time_mlp =
None
-
-
# layers
-
self.downs = nn.ModuleList([])
-
self.ups = nn.ModuleList([])
-
num_resolutions =
len(in_out)
-
-
for ind, (dim_in, dim_out)
in
enumerate(in_out):
-
is_last = ind >= (num_resolutions -
1)
-
-
self.downs.append(
-
nn.ModuleList(
-
[
-
block_klass(dim_in, dim_out, time_emb_dim=time_dim),
-
block_klass(dim_out, dim_out, time_emb_dim=time_dim),
-
Residual(PreNorm(dim_out, LinearAttention(dim_out))),
-
Downsample(dim_out)
if
not is_last
else nn.Identity(),
-
]
-
)
-
)
-
-
mid_dim = dims[-
1]
-
self.mid_block1 = block_klass(mid_dim, mid_dim, time_emb_dim=time_dim)
-
self.mid_attn = Residual(PreNorm(mid_dim, Attention(mid_dim)))
-
self.mid_block2 = block_klass(mid_dim, mid_dim, time_emb_dim=time_dim)
-
-
for ind, (dim_in, dim_out)
in
enumerate(
reversed(in_out[
1:])):
-
is_last = ind >= (num_resolutions -
1)
-
-
self.ups.append(
-
nn.ModuleList(
-
[
-
block_klass(dim_out *
2, dim_in, time_emb_dim=time_dim),
-
block_klass(dim_in, dim_in, time_emb_dim=time_dim),
-
Residual(PreNorm(dim_in, LinearAttention(dim_in))),
-
Upsample(dim_in)
if
not is_last
else nn.Identity(),
-
]
-
)
-
)
-
-
out_dim = default(out_dim, channels)
-
self.final_conv = nn.Sequential(
-
block_klass(dim, dim), nn.Conv2d(dim, out_dim,
1)
-
)
-
-
def
forward(
self, x, time):
-
x = self.init_conv(x)
-
t = self.time_mlp(time)
if exists(self.time_mlp)
else
None
-
h = []
-
-
# downsample
-
for block1, block2, attn, downsample
in self.downs:
-
x = block1(x, t)
-
x = block2(x, t)
-
x = attn(x)
-
h.append(x)
-
x = downsample(x)
-
-
# bottleneck
-
x = self.mid_block1(x, t)
-
x = self.mid_attn(x)
-
x = self.mid_block2(x, t)
-
-
# upsample
-
for block1, block2, attn, upsample
in self.ups:
-
x = torch.cat((x, h.pop()), dim=
1)
-
x = block1(x, t)
-
x = block2(x, t)
-
x = attn(x)
-
x = upsample(x)
-
-
return self.final_conv(x)
3.7 定义前向扩散过程
DDPM中使用linear schedule定义 。后续的研究指出使用cosine schedule可能会有更好的效果。
接下来是一些简单的对于 schedule 的定义，从当中选一个使用即可。
-
def
cosine_beta_schedule(
timesteps, s=0.008):
-
"""
-
cosine schedule as proposed in https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.09672
-
"""
-
steps = timesteps +
1
-
x = torch.linspace(
0, timesteps, steps)
-
alphas_cumprod = torch.cos(((x / timesteps) + s) / (
1 + s) * torch.pi *
0.5) **
2
-
alphas_cumprod = alphas_cumprod / alphas_cumprod[
0]
-
betas =
1 - (alphas_cumprod[
1:] / alphas_cumprod[:-
1])
-
return torch.clip(betas,
0.0001,
0.9999)
-
-
def
linear_beta_schedule(
timesteps):
-
beta_start =
0.0001
-
beta_end =
0.02
-
return torch.linspace(beta_start, beta_end, timesteps)
-
-
def
quadratic_beta_schedule(
timesteps):
-
beta_start =
0.0001
-
beta_end =
0.02
-
return torch.linspace(beta_start**
0.5, beta_end**
0.5, timesteps) **
2
-
-
def
sigmoid_beta_schedule(
timesteps):
-
beta_start =
0.0001
-
beta_end =
0.02
-
betas = torch.linspace(-
6,
6, timesteps)
-
return torch.sigmoid(betas) * (beta_end - beta_start) + beta_start
我们按照DDPM中用第二种的linear，将 T 设置为200，并将每个 t 下的各种参数提前计算好。
-
timesteps =
200
-
-
# define beta schedule
-
betas = linear_beta_schedule(timesteps=timesteps)
-
-
# define alphas
-
alphas =
1. - betas
-
alphas_cumprod = torch.cumprod(alphas, axis=
0)
-
alphas_cumprod_prev = F.pad(alphas_cumprod[:-
1], (
1,
0), value=
1.0)
-
sqrt_recip_alphas = torch.sqrt(
1.0 / alphas)
-
-
# calculations for diffusion q(x_t | x_{t-1}) and others
-
sqrt_alphas_cumprod = torch.sqrt(alphas_cumprod)
-
sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod = torch.sqrt(
1. - alphas_cumprod)
-
-
# calculations for posterior q(x_{t-1} | x_t, x_0)
-
posterior_variance = betas * (
1. - alphas_cumprod_prev) / (
1. - alphas_cumprod)
-
-
def
extract(
a, t, x_shape):
-
batch_size = t.shape[
0]
-
out = a.gather(-
1, t.cpu())
-
return out.reshape(batch_size, *((
1,) * (
len(x_shape) -
1))).to(t.device)
我们用一个实例来说明前向加噪过程。
-
from PIL
import Image
-
import requests
-
-
url =
'http://images.cocodataset.org/val2017/000000039769.jpg'
-
image = Image.
open(requests.get(url, stream=
True).raw)
-
image
-
from torchvision.transforms
import Compose, ToTensor, Lambda, ToPILImage, CenterCrop, Resize
-
-
image_size =
128
-
transform = Compose([
-
Resize(image_size),
-
CenterCrop(image_size),
-
ToTensor(),
# turn into Numpy array of shape HWC, divide by 255
-
Lambda(
lambda t: (t *
2) -
1),
-
])
-
-
x_start = transform(image).unsqueeze(
0)
-
x_start.shape
# 输出的结果是 torch.Size([1, 3, 128, 128])
-
-
import numpy
as np
-
-
reverse_transform = Compose([
-
Lambda(
lambda t: (t +
1) /
2),
-
Lambda(
lambda t: t.permute(
1,
2,
0)),
# CHW to HWC
-
Lambda(
lambda t: t *
255.),
-
Lambda(
lambda t: t.numpy().astype(np.uint8)),
-
ToPILImage(),
-
])
准备齐全，接下来就可以定义正向扩散过程了。
-
# forward diffusion (using the nice property)
-
def
q_sample(
x_start, t, noise=None):
-
if noise
is
None:
-
noise = torch.randn_like(x_start)
-
-
sqrt_alphas_cumprod_t = extract(sqrt_alphas_cumprod, t, x_start.shape)
-
sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_t = extract(
-
sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod, t, x_start.shape
-
)
-
-
return sqrt_alphas_cumprod_t * x_start + sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_t * noise
-
-
def
get_noisy_image(
x_start, t):
-
# add noise
-
x_noisy = q_sample(x_start, t=t)
-
-
# turn back into PIL image
-
noisy_image = reverse_transform(x_noisy.squeeze())
-
-
return noisy_image
可视化一下多个不同t的生成结果。
-
import matplotlib.pyplot
as plt
-
-
# use seed for reproducability
-
torch.manual_seed(
0)
-
-
# source: https://pytorch.org/vision/stable/auto_examples/plot_transforms.html#sphx-glr-auto-examples-plot-transforms-py
-
def
plot(
imgs, with_orig=False, row_title=None, **imshow_kwargs):
-
if
not
isinstance(imgs[
0],
list):
-
# Make a 2d grid even if there's just 1 row
-
imgs = [imgs]
-
-
num_rows =
len(imgs)
-
num_cols =
len(imgs[
0]) + with_orig
-
fig, axs = plt.subplots(figsize=(
200,
200), nrows=num_rows, ncols=num_cols, squeeze=
False)
-
for row_idx, row
in
enumerate(imgs):
-
row = [image] + row
if with_orig
else row
-
for col_idx, img
in
enumerate(row):
-
ax = axs[row_idx, col_idx]
-
ax.imshow(np.asarray(img), **imshow_kwargs)
-
ax.
set(xticklabels=[], yticklabels=[], xticks=[], yticks=[])
-
-
if with_orig:
-
axs[
0,
0].
set(title=
'Original image')
-
axs[
0,
0].title.set_size(
8)
-
if row_title
is
not
None:
-
for row_idx
in
range(num_rows):
-
axs[row_idx,
0].
set(ylabel=row_title[row_idx])
-
-
plt.tight_layout()
-
-
plot([get_noisy_image(x_start, torch.tensor([t]))
for t
in [
0,
50,
100,
150,
199]])
3.8 定义损失函数
-
def
p_losses(
denoise_model, x_start, t, noise=None, loss_type="l1"):
-
# 先采样噪声
-
if noise
is
None:
-
noise = torch.randn_like(x_start)
-
-
# 用采样得到的噪声去加噪图片
-
x_noisy = q_sample(x_start=x_start, t=t, noise=noise)
-
predicted_noise = denoise_model(x_noisy, t)
-
-
# 根据加噪了的图片去预测采样的噪声
-
if loss_type ==
'l1':
-
loss = F.l1_loss(noise, predicted_noise)
-
elif loss_type ==
'l2':
-
loss = F.mse_loss(noise, predicted_noise)
-
elif loss_type ==
"huber":
-
loss = F.smooth_l1_loss(noise, predicted_noise)
-
else:
-
raise NotImplementedError()
-
-
return loss
3.9 定义数据集 PyTorch Dataset 和 DataLoader
我们使用mnist数据集构造了一个 DataLoader，每个batch由128张 normalize 过的 image 组成。
-
from datasets
import load_dataset
-
-
# load dataset from the hub
-
dataset = load_dataset(
"fashion_mnist")
-
image_size =
28
-
channels =
1
-
batch_size =
128
-
-
-
from torchvision
import transforms
-
from torch.utils.data
import DataLoader
-
-
transform = Compose([
-
transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(),
-
transforms.ToTensor(),
-
transforms.Lambda(
lambda t: (t *
2) -
1)
-
])
-
-
def
transforms(
examples):
-
examples[
"pixel_values"] = [transform(image.convert(
"L"))
for image
in examples[
"image"]]
-
del examples[
"image"]
-
-
return examples
-
-
transformed_dataset = dataset.with_transform(transforms).remove_columns(
"label")
-
dataloader = DataLoader(transformed_dataset[
"train"], batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=
True)
-
batch =
next(
iter(dataloader))
-
print(batch.keys())
# dict_keys(['pixel_values'])
3.10 采样
采样过程发生在反向去噪时。对于一张纯噪声，扩散模型一步步地去除噪声最终得到真实图片，采样事实上就是定义的去除噪声这一行为。 观察采样算法中第四行， t−1 步的图片是由 t 步的图片减去一个噪声得到的，只不过这个噪声是由网络拟合出来，并且 rescale 过的而已。 这里要注意第四行式子的最后一项，采样时每一步也都会加上一个从正态分布采样的纯噪声。理想情况下，最终我们会得到一张看起来像是从真实数据分布中采样得到的图片。
-
@torch.no_grad()
-
def
p_sample(
model, x, t, t_index):
-
betas_t = extract(betas, t, x.shape)
-
sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_t = extract(
-
sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod, t, x.shape
-
)
-
sqrt_recip_alphas_t = extract(sqrt_recip_alphas, t, x.shape)
-
-
# Equation 11 in the paper
-
# Use our model (noise predictor) to predict the mean
-
model_mean = sqrt_recip_alphas_t * (
-
x - betas_t * model(x, t) / sqrt_one_minus_alphas_cumprod_t
-
)
-
-
if t_index ==
0:
-
return model_mean
-
else:
-
posterior_variance_t = extract(posterior_variance, t, x.shape)
-
noise = torch.randn_like(x)
-
# Algorithm 2 line 4:
-
return model_mean + torch.sqrt(posterior_variance_t) * noise
-
-
# Algorithm 2 (including returning all images)
-
@torch.no_grad()
-
def
p_sample_loop(
model, shape):
-
device =
next(model.parameters()).device
-
-
b = shape[
0]
-
# start from pure noise (for each example in the batch)
-
img = torch.randn(shape, device=device)
-
imgs = []
-
-
for i
in tqdm(
reversed(
range(
0, timesteps)), desc=
'sampling loop time step', total=timesteps):
-
img = p_sample(model, img, torch.full((b,), i, device=device, dtype=torch.long), i)
-
imgs.append(img.cpu().numpy())
-
return imgs
-
-
@torch.no_grad()
-
def
sample(
model, image_size, batch_size=16, channels=3):
-
return p_sample_loop(model, shape=(batch_size, channels, image_size, image_size))
3.11 训练
先定义一些辅助生成图片的函数。
-
from pathlib
import Path
-
-
def
num_to_groups(
num, divisor):
-
groups = num // divisor
-
remainder = num % divisor
-
arr = [divisor] * groups
-
if remainder >
0:
-
arr.append(remainder)
-
return arr
-
-
results_folder = Path(
"./results")
-
results_folder.mkdir(exist_ok =
True)
-
save_and_sample_every =
1000
接下来实例化模型。
-
from torch.optim
import Adam
-
-
device =
"cuda"
if torch.cuda.is_available()
else
"cpu"
-
-
model = Unet(
-
dim=image_size,
-
channels=channels,
-
dim_mults=(
1,
2,
4,)
-
)
-
model.to(device)
-
-
optimizer = Adam(model.parameters(), lr=
1e-3)
开始训练！
-
from torchvision.utils
import save_image
-
-
epochs =
6
-
-
for epoch
in
range(epochs):
-
for step, batch
in
enumerate(dataloader):
-
optimizer.zero_grad()
-
-
batch_size = batch[
"pixel_values"].shape[
0]
-
batch = batch[
"pixel_values"].to(device)
-
-
# Algorithm 1 line 3: sample t uniformally for every example in the batch
-
t = torch.randint(
0, timesteps, (batch_size,), device=device).long()
-
-
loss = p_losses(model, batch, t, loss_type=
"huber")
-
-
if step %
100 ==
0:
-
print(
"Loss:", loss.item())
-
-
loss.backward()
-
optimizer.step()
-
-
# save generated images
-
if step !=
0
and step % save_and_sample_every ==
0:
-
milestone = step // save_and_sample_every
-
batches = num_to_groups(
4, batch_size)
-
all_images_list =
list(
map(
lambda n: sample(model, batch_size=n, channels=channels), batches))
-
all_images = torch.cat(all_images_list, dim=
0)
-
all_images = (all_images +
1) *
0.5
-
save_image(all_images,
str(results_folder /
f'sample-{milestone}.png'), nrow =
6)
Inference：
-
# sample 64 images
-
samples = sample(model, image_size=image_size, batch_size=
64, channels=channels)
-
-
# show a random one
-
random_index =
5
-
plt.imshow(samples[-
1][random_index].reshape(image_size, image_size, channels), cmap=
"gray")
-
import matplotlib.animation
as animation
-
-
random_index =
53
-
-
fig = plt.figure()
-
ims = []
-
for i
in
range(timesteps):
-
im = plt.imshow(samples[i][random_index].reshape(image_size, image_size, channels), cmap=
"gray", animated=
True)
-
ims.append([im])
-
-
animate = animation.ArtistAnimation(fig, ims, interval=
50, blit=
True, repeat_delay=
1000)
-
animate.save(
'diffusion.gif')
-
plt.show()
4. 参考文献
原文链接：
https://blog.csdn.net/tobefans/article/details/129728036
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