Overview
如果仅仅想使用QPE，那我们只需要知道QPE干了什么就好。
通过Inverse Fourier Transform，我们可以得到：
1 2 t / 2 ∑ j = 0 2 t − 1 e 2 π i φ j ∣ j ⟩ ∣ u ⟩ → ∣ φ ~ ⟩ ∣ u ⟩ \frac{1}{2^{t / 2}} \sum_{j=0}^{2^{t}-1} e^{2 \pi i \varphi j}|j\rangle|u\rangle \rightarrow|\tilde{\varphi}\rangle|u\rangle 2t/21j=0∑2t−1e2πiφj∣j⟩∣u⟩→∣φ~⟩∣u⟩
Derivation
As mentioned above, this circuit estimates the phase of a unitary operator U. It estimates $\theta $in U ∣ ψ ⟩ = e 2 π i θ ∣ ψ ⟩ U\vert\psi \rangle =e^{\boldsymbol{2\pi i} \theta }|\psi \rangle U∣ψ⟩=e2πiθ∣ψ⟩, where ∣ ψ ⟩ |\psi\rangle ∣ψ⟩ is an eigenvector and e 2 π i θ e^{\boldsymbol{2\pi i}\theta} e2πiθ is the corresponding eigenvalue.
矩阵特征值是对特征向量进行伸缩和旋转程度的度量。
“特征”的含义就是“不变”。
i. Setup: ∣ ψ ⟩ \vert\psi\rangle ∣ψ⟩ is in one set of qubit registers. An additional set of n qubits form the counting register on which we will store the value 2 n θ 2^n\theta 2nθ:
ψ 0 = ∣ 0 ⟩ ⊗ n ∣ ψ ⟩ \psi_0 = \lvert 0 \rangle^{\otimes n} \lvert \psi \rangle ψ0=∣0⟩⊗n∣ψ⟩
ii. Superposition: Apply a n-bit Hadamard gate operation H ⊗ n H^{\otimes n} H⊗n on the counting register:
ψ 1 = 1 2 n 2 ( ∣ 0 ⟩ + ∣ 1 ⟩ ) ⊗ n ∣ ψ ⟩ \psi_1 = {\frac {1}{2^{\frac {n}{2}}}}\left(|0\rangle +|1\rangle \right)^{\otimes n} \lvert \psi \rangle ψ1=22n1(∣0⟩+∣1⟩)⊗n∣ψ⟩
iii. Controlled Unitary Operations: We need to introduce the controlled unitary C-U that applies the unitary operator U on the target register only if its corresponding control bit is ∣ 1 ⟩ |1\rangle ∣1⟩. Since U is a unitary operator with eigenvector |\psi\rangle such that U ∣ ψ
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