由N个相同的阵元构成的线性阵列天线如下图所示:
对于线性传播媒质,电磁场方程满足线性叠加原理。因此,在远区观察点P处的总场强E(θ,φ)可以看作线阵中所有N个单元在P点产生的辐射场强的叠加,即
若各个天线单元,单元方向图一致,并用幅度和相位的常数项进行归一,则合成场强E(θ,φ)可以化简为:
由此可知,合成场强(即线阵的方向图函数) E(θ,φ)为单元方向图F(θ,φ)与阵列因子Fa(θ,φ)的乘积,这就是方向图相乘原理。
为了方便讨论可以将线阵放在一个平面内加以讨论,如下图所示
在相对于阵列法线的方向θ上,两个阵元之间波程差引起的相位差为:
假设等幅馈电,且各阵元的激励电流都等于1,则N个阵元在θ方向远区某一点辐射场的矢量和为:
化简后可的归一化方向图函数:
根据归一化方向图函数可以画出对应的线阵天线方向图。
绘制不同单元间距下的阵因子方向图如下所示:
clc,clear,close all
%% 参数设置
f = 2.9e9;
c = 3e8;
lambda = c/f;
N = 8;
d1 = 0.1*lambda;
d2 = 0.3*lambda;
d3 = 0.5*lambda;
theta = linspace(-pi/2,pi/2);
Fa1 = abs(sin(pi*N*d1*sin(theta)/lambda)./sin(pi*d1*sin(theta)/lambda))/N;
Fa1 = Fa1./max(Fa1);
Fa2 = abs(sin(pi*N*d2*sin(theta)/lambda)./sin(pi*d2*sin(theta)/lambda))/N;
Fa2 = Fa2./max(Fa2);
Fa3 = abs(sin(pi*N*d3*sin(theta)/lambda)./sin(pi*d3*sin(theta)/lambda))/N;
Fa3 = Fa3./max(Fa3);
figure,plot(theta*180/pi,Fa1,'k','LineWidth',1);
hold on
plot(theta*180/pi,Fa2,'b--','LineWidth',1);
plot(theta*180/pi,Fa3,'r-.','LineWidth',1);
grid on
xlabel('方位角/°');
ylabel('归一化方向图');
legend('d = 0.1\lambda','d = 0.3\lambda','d = 0.\lambda');
绘制不同单元个数的阵因子方向图:
clc,clear,close all
%% 参数设置
f = 2.9e9;
c = 3e8;
lambda = c/f;
N1 = 8;
N2 = 16;
N3 = 32;
d = 0.5*lambda;
theta = linspace(-pi/2,pi/2);
Fa1 = abs(sin(pi*N1*d*sin(theta)/lambda)./sin(pi*d*sin(theta)/lambda))/N1;
Fa1 = Fa1./max(Fa1);
Fa2 = abs(sin(pi*N2*d*sin(theta)/lambda)./sin(pi*d*sin(theta)/lambda))/N2;
Fa2 = Fa2./max(Fa2);
Fa3 = abs(sin(pi*N3*d*sin(theta)/lambda)./sin(pi*d*sin(theta)/lambda))/N3;
Fa3 = Fa3./max(Fa3);
figure,plot(theta*180/pi,Fa1,'k','LineWidth',1);
hold on
plot(theta*180/pi,Fa2,'b--','LineWidth',1);
plot(theta*180/pi,Fa3,'r-.','LineWidth',1);
grid on
xlabel('方位角/°');
ylabel('归一化方向图');
legend('N = 8','N = 16','N = 32');
不同扫描角度的阵因子方向图:
clc,clear,close all
%% 参数设置
f = 2.9e9;
c = 3e8;
lambda = c/f;
N = 8;
d = 0.5*lambda;
theta = linspace(-pi/2,pi/2);
theta01 = 5*pi/180;
theta02 = 20*pi/180;
theta03 = 50*pi/180;
Fa1 = abs(sin(pi*N*d*(sin(theta)-sin(theta01))/lambda)./sin(pi*d*(sin(theta)-sin(theta01))/lambda))/N;
Fa1 = Fa1./max(Fa1);
Fa2 = abs(sin(pi*N*d*(sin(theta)-sin(theta02))/lambda)./sin(pi*d*(sin(theta)-sin(theta02))/lambda))/N;
Fa2 = Fa2./max(Fa2);
Fa3 = abs(sin(pi*N*d*(sin(theta)-sin(theta03))/lambda)./sin(pi*d*(sin(theta)-sin(theta03))/lambda))/N;
Fa3 = Fa3./max(Fa3);
figure,plot(theta*180/pi,Fa1,'k','LineWidth',1);
hold on
plot(theta*180/pi,Fa2,'b--','LineWidth',1);
plot(theta*180/pi,Fa3,'r-.','LineWidth',1);
grid on
xlabel('方位角/°');
ylabel('归一化方向图');
legend('\theta = 5°','\theta = 20°','\theta = 50°');
不同绘制天线方向图的样式
clc,clear,close all
%% 参数设置
f = 2.9e9;
c = 3e8;
lambda = c/f;
N = 8;
d = 0.5*lambda;
theta = linspace(-pi/2,pi/2);
Fa1 = abs(sin(pi*N*d*sin(theta)/lambda)./sin(pi*d*sin(theta)/lambda))/N;
Fa1 = Fa1./max(Fa1);
figure,plot(theta*180/pi,Fa1,'k','LineWidth',1);
grid on
xlabel('方位角/°');
ylabel('归一化方向图');
figure,polarplot(theta,Fa1,'k','LineWidth',1);