阵列天线方向图合成（线阵、面阵）-附Python代码

阵列天线波束赋形

导向矢量

• ULA线阵：

  $\mathbf{a}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}{\left[1,e^{-j\frac{2\pi }{\lambda }d\cos \theta },\cdots ,e^{-j\frac{2\pi }{\lambda }(N-1)d\cos \theta }\right]}^{\mathrm{T}}$

• UPA面阵:

  ${\mathbf{a}}_{\mathrm{URA}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{MN}}[1,\cdots ,e^{j\frac{2\pi }{\lambda }d\sin \theta [(m-1)\cos \varphi +(n-1)\sin \varphi ]},\cdots ,e^{j\frac{2\pi }{\lambda }d\sin \theta [(M-1)\cos \varphi +(N-1)\sin \varphi ]}{]}^{\mathrm{T}}$

• UCR圆阵:

  ${\mathbf{a}}_{\mathrm{UCA}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}[1,e^{j\frac{2\pi }{\lambda }d\sin \theta \cos (\varphi -\frac{2\pi }{N})},\cdots ,e^{j\frac{2\pi }{\lambda }d\sin \theta \cos [\varphi -\frac{2\pi }{N}(N-1)]}{]}^{\mathrm{T}}.$

代码仿真

"""
2021.12.07 目前导向向量是矩阵形式，考虑后续变成向量形式
"""

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

""" 主要的两个function：
    线阵：steeringVectorULA(N, theta, d) 
    面阵：steeringVectorUPA(Nx, Ny, theta, phi, dx, dy)
"""
def steeringVectorULA(N, theta, d=0.5):
    """ 均匀线阵的导向向量 
    N: 天线个数
    theta: 导向角
    d: 波长的d倍（默认半波长）
    """
    n = np.arange(N)
    A = np.exp(1j * 2*np.pi * d * n * np.cos(theta))
    return A

def steeringVectorUPA(Nx, Ny, theta, phi, dx=0.5, dy=0.5):
    """ 均匀面阵的导向向量
    N_x: x轴维度
    N_y: y轴维度
    theta: elevation angle 仰角（天顶角（原点到点P的连线与正z-轴之间的夹角））
    phi: azimuth angle 方位角（与正x-轴之间的方位角）
    d: 波长的d倍（默认0.5半波长）
    """
    A = np.zeros((Nx,Ny),dtype='complex')
    for n_x in range(Nx):
        for n_y in range(Ny):
            A[n_x,n_y] = np.exp(-1j * 2*np.pi * np.sin(theta)* (n_x*dx*np.cos(phi)+n_y*dy*np.sin(phi))) 
    return A

def get_directive_gain(g, minDdBi=-20):
    """天线增益 化为 dB形式"""
    DdBi = 10 * np.log10(g / np.max(g))
    return np.clip(DdBi, minDdBi, None)

def sphere2xzy(theta, phi, R):
    """ 球坐标转直角坐标
    theta: 天顶角（原点到点P的连线与正z-轴之间的夹角）
    phi: 方位角（与正x-轴之间的方位角）
    R: 原点与点P的距离
    """
    X = R * np.sin(theta) * np.cos(phi)
    Y = R * np.sin(theta) * np.sin(phi)
    Z = R * np.cos(theta)
    return X, Y, Z

###### 画图的函数
def plot_ULA(theta, gain_ULA):
    """ 画线阵的阵列方向图
    """
    fig = plt.figure()
    ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='polar') # 极坐标系
    ax.plot(theta, np.abs(gain_ULA))
    # dB_gain = get_directive_gain(gain)  ## 还可以把 增益 转化为 dB 的形式
#    ax.set_rticks([-20, -15, -10, -5])
#    ax.set_rlabel_position(45)
    plt.show()

def plot_UPA(THETA, PHI, gain_UPA, sign='matplotlib'):
    """ 画平面阵的阵列方向图
    """
    # 先把极坐标转化为直角坐标
    X,Y,Z = sphere2xzy(THETA, PHI, np.abs(gain_UPA))
    if sign == 'matplotlib':
        ### #1  matplotlib库画图
        fig = plt.figure()
        ax = fig.add_subplot(1,1,1, projection='3d')
        plot = ax.plot_surface(
            X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap=plt.get_cmap('jet'),
            linewidth=0, antialiased=False, alpha=0.5)
        
        plt.show()
        
    elif sign=='mlab':
        ## #2  mayavi库画图（效果更好）
        from mayavi import mlab
        
        ## 画天线方向图
        s = mlab.mesh(X, Y, Z, line_width=1.0 ) # representation="wireframe"

        ## 画一个平行于xoy轴的平面（模拟天线阵列的摆放）
        x = np.arange(-10,10,2/Nx)
        y = np.arange(-10,10,2/Ny)
        xx, yy = np.meshgrid(x,y)  
        zz = np.zeros(xx.shape)
        s_ = mlab.mesh(xx, yy, zz, line_width=1.0 )
        #mlab.axes() #  xlabel='x', ylabel='y', zlabel='z'
        mlab.show()

    

""" 测试 ULA
"""
N= 8
theta = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 360)

BF =  np.ones(N)  ### 波束赋形向量
gain_ULA = np.zeros(theta.shape)
for i, tt in enumerate(theta):
    sv = steeringVectorULA(N, tt, d=0.5)
    gain_ULA[i] = np.dot(sv, BF)

plot_ULA(theta, gain_ULA)

""" 测试 UPA
"""
Nx = 8
Ny = 8
phi, theta = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 360), np.linspace(0, np.pi/2, 90)

PHI, THETA = np.meshgrid(phi,theta)  ### 生成网格

### BF: beamforming 波束赋形矩阵
#BF = np.ones((Nx,Ny),dtype='complex')
BF = steeringVectorUPA(Nx, Ny, np.pi/4, np.pi/4, dx=0.5, dy=0.5).conj()

gain_UPA = np.zeros(THETA.shape,dtype=complex)
for i in range(THETA.shape[0]):
    for j in range(THETA.shape[1]):
        sv = steeringVectorUPA(Nx, Ny, THETA[i,j], PHI[i,j], dx=0.5, dy=0.5)
        gain_UPA[i,j] = np.multiply(sv,BF).sum()

plot_UPA(THETA, PHI, gain_UPA, sign='mlab')

仿真结果

参考文献

[1] Z. Xiao et al., “A Survey on Millimeter-Wave Beamforming Enabled UAV Communications and Networking,” in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2021.3124512.