Python博弈论

博弈论是一种研究决策制定和行为互动的数学理论。在博弈中，有两个或多个人或团体在制定策略，并采取相应的行动，以达到自己的目标。博弈论通过数学模型和分析，帮助我们理解和解决各种决策和交互问题。

Python是一种通用的编程语言，具有丰富的库和工具，可用于实现博弈论中的数学模型和算法。下面是一些常见的博弈论问题和它们的Python实现：

石头剪刀布游戏

石头剪刀布游戏是一个经典的博弈论问题，可以用Python实现如下：

import random

def play_game(player1, player2):
    """
    玩石头剪刀布游戏，返回获胜者
    """
    if player1 == player2:
        return None
    elif player1 == 'rock':
        if player2 == 'scissors':
            return 'Player 1'
        else:
            return 'Player 2'
    elif player1 == 'scissors':
        if player2 == 'paper':
            return 'Player 1'
        else:
            return 'Player 2'
    elif player1 == 'paper':
        if player2 == 'rock':
            return 'Player 1'
        else:
            return 'Player 2'

def play_round():
    """
    玩一轮石头剪刀布游戏，返回获胜者和玩家选择
    """
    choices = ['rock', 'paper', 'scissors']
    player1 = random.choice(choices)
    player2 = random.choice(choices)
    winner = play_game(player1, player2)
    return winner, player1, player2

井字棋游戏

井字棋游戏是一个简单的二人博弈论问题，可以用Python实现如下：

def print_board(board):
    """
    打印井字棋棋盘
    """
    for row in board:
        print(row)

def get_move():
    """
    获取玩家输入的下棋位置
    """
    row = int(input("Enter row number (0-2): "))
    col = int(input("Enter column number (0-2): "))
    return row, col

def is_winner(board, player):
    """
    检查玩家是否胜利
    """
    for i in range(3):
        if board[i] == [player, player, player]:
            return True
        if board[0][i] == player and board[1][i] == player and board[2][i] == player:
            return True
    if board[0][0] == player and board[1][1] == player and board[2][2] == player:
        return True
    if board[0][2] == player and board[1][1] == player and board[2][0] == player:
        return True
    return False

def play_game():
    """
    玩井字棋游戏，返回获胜者
    """
    board = [['-', '-', '-'], ['-', '-', '-'], ['-', '-', '-']]
    players = ['X', 'O']
    current_player = players[0]
    winner = None

    while True:
        print_board(board)
        row, col = get_move()
        if board[row][col] != '-':
            print("Invalid move. Try again.")
            continue
        board[row][col] = current_player
        if is_winner(board, current_player):
            winner = current_player
            break
        if '-' not in [cell for row in board for cell in row]:
            break
        current_player = players[(players.index(current_player) + 1) % len(players)]

    print_board(board)
    if winner:
        print(f"{winner} wins!")
    else:
        print("Tie game.")
    return winner

   

囚徒困境

囚徒困境是一个经典的博弈论问题，涉及两个囚犯被逮捕，被独自审问并面临各自合作或背叛对方的选择。它可以用Python实现如下：

import numpy as np

# 定义囚徒困境的规则和收益矩阵
# 将“认罪”表示为“defect”，将“不认罪”表示为“cooperate”
strategies = ["cooperate", "defect"]

payoff_matrix = {
    "cooperate": {"cooperate": (1, 1), "defect": (20, 0)},
    "defect": {"cooperate": (0, 20), "defect": (10, 10)}
}

# 定义函数来计算每个囚犯的最优策略
def best_response(player, opponent_strategy):
    """
    计算给定囚犯和对手策略的最优策略
    """
    opponent_payoffs = [payoff_matrix[s][opponent_strategy][player] for s in strategies]
    return strategies[np.argmax(opponent_payoffs)]

# 定义函数来进行囚徒困境的博弈
def play_pd_game(player1_strategy, player2_strategy):
    """
    进行一次囚徒困境的博弈
    """
    player1_payoff, player2_payoff = payoff_matrix[player1_strategy][player2_strategy]
    return player1_payoff, player2_payoff

# 定义函数来模拟囚徒困境的博弈过程
def play_pd_game_iteratively(player1_strategy, player2_strategy, num_iterations):
    """
    模拟多次囚徒困境的博弈过程
    """
    player1_payoff_total = 0
    player2_payoff_total = 0

    for i in range(num_iterations):
        player1_payoff, player2_payoff = play_pd_game(player1_strategy, player2_strategy)
        player1_payoff_total += player1_payoff
        player2_payoff_total += player2_payoff

        player1_strategy = best_response(0, player2_strategy)
        player2_strategy = best_response(1, player1_strategy)

    return player1_payoff_total, player2_payoff_total

# 执行博弈并输出结果
player1_strategy = np.random.choice(strategies)
player2_strategy = np.random.choice(strategies)

print("初始策略：")
print("Player 1:", player1_strategy)
print("Player 2:", player2_strategy)

num_iterations = 10

player1_payoff_total, player2_payoff_total = play_pd_game_iteratively(player1_strategy, player2_strategy, num_iterations)

print("最终结果：")
print("Player 1 payoff:", player1_payoff_total)
print("Player 2 payoff:", player2_payoff_total)

在这个程序中，我们定义了三个函数：

best_response 函数：计算给定囚犯和对手策略的最优策略。
play_pd_game 函数：进行一次囚徒困境的博弈。
play_pd_game_iteratively 函数：模拟多次囚徒困境的博弈过程。

程序的执行过程如下：

1.从两个囚犯的策略中随机选择一个作为初始策略。

2.使用 play_pd_game_iteratively 函数模拟囚徒困境的博弈过程，其中 num_iterations 参数指定了博弈的次数。

3.在每次博弈中，计算双方的收益并更新总收益。

4.根据博弈结果更新双方的策略，使其变成最优策略。

5.最后输出双方的总收益。

需要注意的是，囚徒困境是一个非常经典的博弈问题，其结果非常依赖于初始策略的选择。因此，我们可以多次运行该程序，观察不同的初始策略对博弈结果的影响。此外，我们还可以尝试调整 num_iterations 参数的值，看看博弈结果如何变化。