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∑ k = 1 n ( − 1 ) k 4 k 2 − 1 k = ∑ k = 1 n ( − 1 ) k 4 ( 1 2 k + 1 + 1 2 k − 1 ) = ∑ k = 1 n ( − 1 ) k 4 ( 2 k + 1 ) + ∑ k + 1 = 1 n ( − 1 ) k + 1 4 ( 2 k + 1 ) = ∑ k = 1 n ( − 1 ) k 4 ( 2 k + 1 ) − ∑ k = 0 n − 1 ( − 1 ) k 4 ( 2 k + 1 ) = ( − 1 ) n 4 ( 2 n + 1 ) − 1 4 \begin{aligned} \sum_{k=1}^{n}\frac{(-1)^k}{4k^2-1}k&=\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{(-1)^k}{4}(\frac{1}{2k+1}+\frac{1}{2k-1})\\ &=\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{(-1)^k}{4(2k+1)}+\sum_{k+1=1}^{n}\frac{(-1)^{k+1}}{4(2k+1)}\\ &=\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{(-1)^k}{4(2k+1)}-\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{(-1)^k}{4(2k+1)}\\ &=\frac{(-1)^n}{4(2n+1)}-\frac{1}{4} \end{aligned} k=1∑n4k2−1(−1)kk=k=1∑n4(−1)k(2k+11+2k−11)=k=1∑n4(2k+1)(−1)k+k+1=1∑n4(2k+1)(−1)k+1=k=1∑n4(2k+1)(−1)k−k=0∑n−14(2k+1)(−1)k=4(2n+1)(−1)n−41
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12种。问就是拿程序跑出来的。
其实可以考虑2100的质因数分解, 2100 = 2 2 × 3 × 5 2 × 7 = x y 2100=2^2\times3\times5^2\times7=xy 2100=22×3×52×7=xy,当且仅当x与y奇偶性不同时有解,不难证明。若x和y都为偶数,1050会分解成连续整数+0.5的和。也就是只要考虑 3 × 5 2 × 7 3\times5^2\times7 3×52×7的分配情况,共(1+1)(2+1)(1+1)=12种。
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∑ k ≥ 2 ( ζ ( k ) − 1 ) = ∑ k ≥ 2 ( ∑ j ≥ 1 1 j k − 1 ) = ∑ k , j ≥ 2 1 j k = ∑ j ≥ 2 ∑ k ≥ 2 1 j k = ∑ j ≥ 2 1 j 2 1 1 − 1 / j = ∑ j ≥ 2 1 j − 1 − 1 j = 1 \begin{aligned} \sum_{k\ge2}(\zeta(k)-1)&=\sum_{k\ge2}(\sum_{j\ge1}\frac{1}{j^k}-1)\\ &=\sum_{k,j\ge2}\frac{1}{j^k}\\ &=\sum_{j\ge2}\sum_{k\ge2}\frac{1}{j^k}\\ &=\sum_{j\ge2}\frac{1}{j^2}\frac{1}{1-1/j}\\ &=\sum_{j\ge2}\frac{1}{j-1}-\frac{1}{j}\\ &=1 \end{aligned} k≥2∑(ζ(k)−1)=k≥2∑(j≥1∑jk1−1)=k,j≥2∑jk1=j≥2∑k≥2∑jk1=j≥2∑j211−1/j1=j≥2∑j−11−j1=1
话说倒数第二行的等号真的能拆吗?好久没看级数了,感觉可以。
对于第二问,倒数第三行会变成 1 / j 2 1/j^2 1/j2,从而得到结果3/4.
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分情况讨论
当 2 n ≤ x < 2 n + 1 2n\le x<2n+1 2n≤x<2n+1,左式= ∑ k = 0 2 n m i n ( k , x − k ) = 0 + 1 + ⋯ + n + ( x − n − 1 ) + ⋯ + ( x − 2 n ) = n ( x − n ) \sum_{k=0}^{2n}min(k, x-k)=0+1+\dots+n+(x-n-1)+\dots+(x-2n)=n(x-n) ∑k=02nmin(k,x−k)=0+1+⋯+n+(x−n−1)+⋯+(x−2n)=n(x−n)
右式= ( x − 1 ) + ( x − 3 ) + ⋯ + ( x − 2 n + 1 ) = n x − n 2 (x-1)+(x-3)+\dots+(x-2n+1)=nx-n^2 (x−1)+(x−3)+⋯+(x−2n+1)=nx−n2,成立
当 2 n + 1 ≤ x < 2 n + 2 2n+1\le x<2n+2 2n+1≤x<2n+2,左式= ∑ k = 0 2 n + 1 m i n ( k , x − k ) = 0 + 1 + ⋯ + n + ( x − n − 1 ) + ⋯ + ( x − 2 n ) + ( x − 2 n − 1 ) = ( n + 1 ) ( x − n − 1 ) \sum_{k=0}^{2n+1}min(k, x-k)=0+1+\dots+n+(x-n-1)+\dots+(x-2n)+(x-2n-1)=(n+1)(x-n-1) ∑k=02n+1min(k,x−k)=0+1+⋯+n+(x−n−1)+⋯+(x−2n)+(x−2n−1)=(n+1)(x−n−1)
右式= ( x − 1 ) + ( x − 3 ) + ⋯ + ( x − 2 n + 1 ) + ( x − 2 n − 1 ) = n x − n 2 + x − 2 n − 1 = ( n + 1 ) ( x − n − 1 ) (x-1)+(x-3)+\dots+(x-2n+1)+(x-2n-1)=nx-n^2+x-2n-1=(n+1)(x-n-1) (x−1)+(x−3)+⋯+(x−2n+1)+(x−2n−1)=nx−n2+x−2n−1=(n+1)(x−n−1)=左式,成立。