算法实现之蚁群算法

蚁群算法介绍

基本思想

模拟蚂蚁在寻找食物的过程中释放和感知信息素的行为。当蚂蚁在搜索过程中找到较短的路径时，它们会释放一种叫做信息素的化学物质。而其他蚂蚁在选择路径时，会根据信息素浓度选择路径，从而形成了一种信息素的正反馈机制。程序中的迭代方式正与这种正反馈机制相似。

实现步骤

1. 初始化蚁群和信息素：创建一群蚂蚁，并初始化每条路径上的信息素浓度。

2. 蚂蚁路径选择：每只蚂蚁根据一定的策略（如蚂蚁脚在地图上的运动）选择下一步要走的路径。这个策略一般使用信息素浓度和启发式信息（如路径长度）来指导选择。

3. 更新信息素：蚂蚁走过的路径上释放信息素，并更新路径上的信息素浓度。在信息素的更新过程中需要考虑挥发和全局更新的因素，其中挥发使得信息素随着时间的推移逐渐减少，而全局更新则通过引入一定的因素来增强信息素的影响力。

4. 重复上述步骤：重复步骤2和步骤3直到达到预设的停止条件（如迭代次数）。

5. 输出结果：根据最终的信息素分布，确定找到的最优解。

蚁群算法求解货郎担问题

import numpy as np

class AntColonyOptimization:
    def __init__(self, num_ants, num_iterations, decay_factor, alpha=1, beta=1):
        self.num_ants = num_ants
        self.num_iterations = num_iterations
        self.decay_factor = decay_factor
        self.alpha = alpha
        self.beta = beta

    def run(self, graph, source_node):
        pheromone = np.ones(graph.shape) / len(graph)
        best_path = []
        best_cost = np.inf

        for iteration in range(self.num_iterations):
            paths = []
            costs = []

            for ant in range(self.num_ants):
                path = self.build_path(graph, pheromone, source_node)
                cost = self.calculate_cost(graph, path)

                if cost < best_cost:
                    best_path = path
                    best_cost = cost

                paths.append(path)
                costs.append(cost)

            self.update_pheromone(pheromone, paths, costs)

        return best_path, best_cost

    def build_path(self, graph, pheromone, source_node):
        path = [source_node]
        visited = [False] * graph.shape[0]
        visited[source_node] = True

        while len(path) < graph.shape[0]:
            current_node = path[-1]
            next_node = self.choose_next_node(graph, pheromone, current_node, visited)
            path.append(next_node)
            visited[next_node] = True

        return path

    def choose_next_node(self, graph, pheromone, current_node, visited):
        pheromone_values = pheromone[current_node] ** self.alpha
        heuristic_values = (1 / graph[current_node]) ** self.beta
        probabilities = pheromone_values * heuristic_values
        probabilities[visited] = 0
        probabilities /= probabilities.sum()

        return np.random.choice(range(len(graph)), p=probabilities)

    def calculate_cost(self, graph, path):
        cost = 0

        for i in range(len(path) - 1):
            cost += graph[path[i], path[i+1]]

        return cost

    def update_pheromone(self, pheromone, paths, costs):
        pheromone *= self.decay_factor

        for path, cost in zip(paths, costs):
            for i in range(len(path) - 1):
                pheromone[path[i], path[i+1]] += 1 / cost
                pheromone[path[i+1], path[i]] += 1 / cost

# 创建一个图形
graph = np.array([[0, 2, 4, 1], [2, 0, 1, 3], [4, 1, 0, 5], [1, 3, 5, 0]])

aco = AntColonyOptimization(num_ants=10, num_iterations=100, decay_factor=0.5, alpha=1, beta=2)
best_path, best_cost = aco.run(graph, source_node=0)

print("最佳路径：", best_path)
print("最佳成本：", best_cost)

本文仅为学习记录，如有错误欢迎指出。