【大学物理：示波器实验】手把手教你用python和matplotlib制作精美准确的波形图和李萨如图形

最新推荐文章于 2025-05-20 22:27:03 发布

Sw Over the Rainbow

最新推荐文章于 2025-05-20 22:27:03 发布

阅读量776

点赞数 8

分类专栏：物理实验文章标签： python matplotlib pip 物理制图程序人生帅哥

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_73759051/article/details/146927391

版权

物理实验专栏收录该内容

1 篇文章

订阅专栏

前情提要，本人为北理工本科生，近期苦于物理实验课的数据处理绘图之繁琐，故作此文章，为后人处理数据、绘制波形图减少一些不必要的时间，也勉励自己精研代码、多行善事。

所以，假如你恰好也是北理工的本科生，或者使用同一本物理实验教材英汉大学物理实验第二版主编史庆藩，那你可以放心的使用我的代码，上面的原始数据都是我自己的实验结果。假如不是，也可以适当借鉴代码结构，挑选可用之处。

总之，希望我的成果对您有用！

一、前置条件

电脑端：python环境、IDE、matplotlib依赖（复制代码后会提示下载，点击即可）

实验端：对于正弦波信号，需要峰峰值、周期、频率；对于脉冲等特殊波形，需要准确的宽度。

二、李萨如图形

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def lissajous_curve(A, B, a, b, delta, samples=1000):
    t = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, samples)
    x = A * np.sin(a * t + delta)
    y = B * np.sin(b * t)

    return x, y


A = 1           # X轴的振幅
B = 1           # Y轴的振幅
a = 4        # X轴上波的频率
b = 2           # Y轴上波的频率
delta = np.pi  # 相位差

x, y = lissajous_curve(A, B, a, b, delta)

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
plt.plot(x, y, label=f'a={a}, b={b}')
plt.title('Lissajous Curve')
plt.xlabel('X Axis')
plt.ylabel('Y Axis')
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.axis('equal')
plt.show()

其中，A、B为X、Y轴的振幅，a、b为波的频率，delta为相位差。通过简单的改写即可获得你想要的图形。

更改振幅可以改变图形的尺寸和比例，更改频率可以改变生成的图像。

图1. 在频率2：1时，相位差为pi的李萨如图形

三、示波器波形图

1.未知正弦信号

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl
import platform

# 设置中文字体支持
system = platform.system()
if system == 'Windows':
    plt.rcParams['font.family'] = ['Microsoft YaHei', 'SimHei']
    plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['Microsoft YaHei', 'SimHei']
elif system == 'Linux':
    plt.rcParams['font.family'] = ['WenQuanYi Micro Hei']
    plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['WenQuanYi Micro Hei']
else:  # macOS
    plt.rcParams['font.family'] = ['Arial Unicode MS', 'PingFang SC', 'Heiti SC']
    plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['Arial Unicode MS', 'PingFang SC', 'Heiti SC']

plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False  

# 参数设置
frequency = 1.250  # 频率，单位kHz
period = 800      # 周期，单位μs
peak_to_peak = 4.16  # 峰峰值，单位V

amplitude = peak_to_peak / 2

# 显示5个完整周期
t = np.linspace(0, 5 * period, 1000)  

angular_frequency = 2 * np.pi * frequency * 1000  # 角频率，单位为rad/s
y = amplitude * np.sin(angular_frequency * t / 1e6)  # 波形中心在y=0

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
plt.plot(t, y, 'b-', linewidth=2)
plt.grid(True)

# 在y轴上标出峰峰值范围
plt.axhline(y=amplitude, color='r', linestyle='--', alpha=0.3)
plt.axhline(y=-amplitude, color='r', linestyle='--', alpha=0.3)

# 在x轴上标出周期
for i in range(5):
    plt.axvline(x=i*period, color='g', linestyle='--', alpha=0.3)

plt.xlabel('时间 (μs)')
plt.ylabel('电压 (V)')
plt.title('未知信号(频率 {}kHz, 周期 {}μs, 峰峰值 {}V)'.format(frequency, period, peak_to_peak))

plt.ylim(-amplitude*1.2, amplitude*1.2)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

改写频率、周期、峰峰值，然后运行代码即可。

图1. 未知信号

2.鼠标左键脉冲

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl
import platform

# 设置中文字体支持
system = platform.system()
if system == 'Windows':
    plt.rcParams['font.family'] = ['Microsoft YaHei', 'SimHei']
    plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['Microsoft YaHei', 'SimHei']
elif system == 'Linux':
    plt.rcParams['font.family'] = ['WenQuanYi Micro Hei']
    plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['WenQuanYi Micro Hei']
else:  # macOS
    plt.rcParams['font.family'] = ['Arial Unicode MS', 'PingFang SC', 'Heiti SC']
    plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['Arial Unicode MS', 'PingFang SC', 'Heiti SC']

plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False  

# 参数设置
peak_to_peak = 9.60  # 峰峰值，单位V
pulse_widths = [4.8, 3.4, 6.6, 1.6, 6.6]  # 脉冲宽度，单位mm
amplitude = peak_to_peak / 2

padding_ms = 1

total_time_ms = sum(pulse_widths) + 2 * padding_ms

sample_rate = 100000
t = np.linspace(0, total_time_ms, int(sample_rate * total_time_ms / 1000))

y = np.ones_like(t) * (-amplitude)

# 设置交替的高低电平
current_time_ms = padding_ms  
is_high = True  

for width in pulse_widths:
    start_idx = np.searchsorted(t, current_time_ms)
    end_idx = np.searchsorted(t, current_time_ms + width)
 
    if is_high:
        y[start_idx:end_idx] = amplitude
    else:
        y[start_idx:end_idx] = -amplitude

    current_time_ms += width
    is_high = not is_high

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))
plt.plot(t, y, 'b-', linewidth=2)
plt.grid(True)

plt.axhline(y=amplitude, color='r', linestyle='--', alpha=0.3)
plt.axhline(y=-amplitude, color='r', linestyle='--', alpha=0.3)

current_time_ms = padding_ms  
for i, width in enumerate(pulse_widths):
    mid_point = current_time_ms + width/2
    y_pos = amplitude/2 if i % 2 == 0 else -amplitude/2
    plt.text(mid_point, y_pos, f'{width}ms', 
            ha='center', va='center', 
            bbox=dict(facecolor='white', alpha=0.7))
    current_time_ms += width

plt.xlabel('时间 (毫秒)')
plt.ylabel('电压 (V)')
plt.title('鼠标左键波形图 (峰峰值: {}V)'.format(peak_to_peak))

plt.ylim(-amplitude*1.2, amplitude*1.2)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

图2. 鼠标左键波形图

3.交流信号正弦波（ $Y = 5\sin (2000\pi t)$ ）

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl
import platform

# 设置中文字体支持
system = platform.system()
if system == 'Windows':
    plt.rcParams['font.family'] = ['Microsoft YaHei', 'SimHei']
    plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['Microsoft YaHei', 'SimHei']
elif system == 'Linux':
    plt.rcParams['font.family'] = ['WenQuanYi Micro Hei']
    plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['WenQuanYi Micro Hei']
else:  # macOS
    plt.rcParams['font.family'] = ['Arial Unicode MS', 'PingFang SC', 'Heiti SC']
    plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['Arial Unicode MS', 'PingFang SC', 'Heiti SC']

plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False  

# 参数设置
frequency = 1.007  # 频率，单位kHz
period = 995  # 周期，单位μs
peak_to_peak = 10.2  # 峰峰值，单位V

amplitude = peak_to_peak / 2  

# 显示2个完整周期
t = np.linspace(0, 2 * period, 1000)  

angular_frequency = 2 * np.pi * frequency * 1000  # 角频率，单位为rad/s
y = amplitude * np.sin(angular_frequency * t / 1e6)  # 波形中心在y=0

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
plt.plot(t, y, 'b-', linewidth=2)
plt.grid(True)

plt.xlabel('时间 (μs)')
plt.ylabel('电压 (V)')
plt.title('交流信号正弦波(频率 {}kHz, 周期 {}μs, 峰峰值 {}V)'.format(frequency, period, peak_to_peak))

plt.ylim(-amplitude, amplitude)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

图3. 交流信号正弦波

4.窄脉冲信号

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl
import platform

# 设置中文字体支持
system = platform.system()
if system == 'Windows':
    plt.rcParams['font.family'] = ['Microsoft YaHei', 'SimHei']
    plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['Microsoft YaHei', 'SimHei']
elif system == 'Linux':
    plt.rcParams['font.family'] = ['WenQuanYi Micro Hei']
    plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['WenQuanYi Micro Hei']
else:  # macOS
    plt.rcParams['font.family'] = ['Arial Unicode MS', 'PingFang SC', 'Heiti SC']
    plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['Arial Unicode MS', 'PingFang SC', 'Heiti SC']

plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False  

# 参数设置
pulse_width = 180  # 脉冲宽度，单位μs
period = 1050      # 周期，单位μs
peak_to_peak = 10.4  # 峰峰值，单位V

amplitude = peak_to_peak / 2

# 显示3个完整周期
total_time = 3 * period
t = np.linspace(0, total_time, 10000)  

# 生成窄脉冲信号（中心在x轴上）
signal = np.zeros_like(t)
for i in range(len(t)):
    # 计算在周期内的位置
    time_in_period = t[i] % period
    # 如果时间在脉冲宽度内，则为高电平；否则为低电平
    if time_in_period < pulse_width:
        signal[i] = amplitude  # 正脉冲部分
    else:
        signal[i] = -amplitude  # 负脉冲部分

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
plt.plot(t, signal, 'b-', linewidth=2)
plt.grid(True)

# 在y轴上标出峰峰值范围
plt.axhline(y=amplitude, color='r', linestyle='--', alpha=0.3)
plt.axhline(y=-amplitude, color='r', linestyle='--', alpha=0.3)

# 在x轴上标出周期
for i in range(3):
    plt.axvline(x=i*period, color='g', linestyle='--', alpha=0.3)

# 添加标注
plt.annotate(f'脉冲宽度: {pulse_width}μs', xy=(pulse_width/2, amplitude/2), 
             xytext=(pulse_width+50, amplitude/2),
             arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle='->'))
plt.annotate(f'周期: {period}μs', xy=(period/2, 0), 
             xytext=(period/2, -2),
             arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle='->'))
plt.annotate(f'峰峰值: {peak_to_peak}V', xy=(pulse_width/4, amplitude), 
             xytext=(pulse_width/4, amplitude*1.1),
             arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle='->'))

# 添加x轴线
plt.axhline(y=0, color='r', linestyle='-', alpha=0.3)

plt.xlabel('时间 (μs)')
plt.ylabel('电压 (V)')
plt.title('窄脉冲信号(脉宽 {}μs, 周期 {}μs, 峰峰值 {}V)'.format(pulse_width, period, peak_to_peak))

plt.ylim(-amplitude*1.2, amplitude*1.2)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

图4. 窄脉冲信号

5.锯齿波信号

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl
import platform

# 设置中文字体支持
system = platform.system()
if system == 'Windows':
    plt.rcParams['font.family'] = ['Microsoft YaHei', 'SimHei']
    plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['Microsoft YaHei', 'SimHei']
elif system == 'Linux':
    plt.rcParams['font.family'] = ['WenQuanYi Micro Hei']
    plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['WenQuanYi Micro Hei']
else:  # macOS
    plt.rcParams['font.family'] = ['Arial Unicode MS', 'PingFang SC', 'Heiti SC']
    plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['Arial Unicode MS', 'PingFang SC', 'Heiti SC']

plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False  

# 参数设置
rising_edge_width = 880  # 上升沿宽度，单位μs
period = 1060  # 周期，单位μs
peak_to_peak = 10  # 峰峰值，单位V

amplitude = peak_to_peak / 2

# 显示3个周期
total_time = 3 * period
t = np.linspace(0, total_time, 10000) 

sawtooth = np.zeros_like(t)
for i, time in enumerate(t):
    time_in_period = time % period
    if time_in_period <= rising_edge_width:
        sawtooth[i] = (time_in_period / rising_edge_width) * peak_to_peak
    else:
        remaining_time = period - time_in_period
        falling_edge_width = period - rising_edge_width
        sawtooth[i] = (remaining_time / falling_edge_width) * peak_to_peak

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
plt.plot(t, sawtooth, 'b-', linewidth=2)
plt.grid(True)

# 在y轴上标出峰峰值范围
plt.axhline(y=peak_to_peak, color='r', linestyle='--', alpha=0.3)
plt.axhline(y=0, color='r', linestyle='--', alpha=0.3)

# 在x轴上标出周期
for i in range(3):
    plt.axvline(x=i*period, color='g', linestyle='--', alpha=0.3)

# 添加标注
plt.annotate(f'上升沿宽度: {rising_edge_width}μs', xy=(rising_edge_width/2, peak_to_peak/2), 
             xytext=(rising_edge_width/2-100, peak_to_peak/2-2),
             arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle='->'), fontsize=10)
plt.annotate(f'周期: {period}μs', xy=(period/2, peak_to_peak/4), 
             xytext=(period/2, -peak_to_peak*0.1),
             arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle='->'), fontsize=10)
plt.annotate(f'峰峰值: {peak_to_peak}V', xy=(period*2.5, peak_to_peak/2), 
             xytext=(period*2.5, peak_to_peak*1.1),
             arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle='->'), fontsize=10)

plt.xlabel('时间 (μs)')
plt.ylabel('电压 (V)')
plt.title('锯齿波信号(上升沿 {}μs, 周期 {}μs, 峰峰值 {}V)'.format(rising_edge_width, period, peak_to_peak))

plt.ylim(-peak_to_peak*0.1, peak_to_peak*1.2)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()