Title: [笔记] 仿射变换性质的代数证明
文章目录
I. 仿射变换的代数表示
平面上点 P ( x , y ) P(x,y) P(x,y) 经过仿射变换 T T T 变为点 P ′ ( x ′ , y ′ ) P'(x', y') P′(x′,y′), 则两点坐标 ( x , y ) (x,y ) (x,y) 和 ( x ′ , y ′ ) (x', y') (x′,y′) 之间的关系即为仿射变换的代数表示. 需注意仿射坐标系不一定是直角坐标系.
平面上的仿射变换在仿射坐标系下的代数表示为
{
x
′
=
a
11
x
+
a
12
y
+
a
13
y
′
=
a
21
x
+
a
22
y
+
a
23
(I-1)
\left\{ \begin{aligned} x' = a_{11} x + a_{12} y + a_{13}\\ y' = a_{21} x + a_{22} y + a_{23} \end{aligned} \right. \tag{I-1}
{x′=a11x+a12y+a13y′=a21x+a22y+a23(I-1)
其中
Δ
=
∣
a
11
a
12
a
21
a
22
∣
≠
0
(I-2)
\Delta = \left|\begin{matrix}a_{11} &a_{12} \\ a_{21} & a_{22}\end{matrix}\right| \neq 0 \tag{I-2}
Δ=
a11a21a12a22
=0(I-2)
也就是仿射变换是可逆变换, 其逆变换可以写成
{
x
=
a
11
′
x
′
+
a
12
′
y
′
+
a
13
′
y
=
a
21
′
x
′
+
a
22
′
y
′
+
a
23
′
(I-3)
\left\{ \begin{aligned} x = a'_{11} x' + a'_{12} y' + a'_{13}\\ y = a'_{21} x' + a'_{22} y' + a'_{23} \end{aligned} \right. \tag{I-3}
{x=a11′x′+a12′y′+a13′y=a21′x′+a22′y′+a23′(I-3)
其中
Δ
′
=
∣
a
11
′
a
12
′
a
21
′
a
22
′
∣
≠
0
(I-4)
\Delta' = \left|\begin{matrix}a'_{11} &a'_{12} \\ a'_{21} & a'_{22}\end{matrix}\right| \neq 0 \tag{I-4}
Δ′=
a11′a21′a12′a22′
=0(I-4)
可知
[
a
11
a
12
a
21
a
22
]
[
a
11
′
a
12
′
a
21
′
a
22
′
]
=
[
1
0
0
1
]
(I-5)
\begin{bmatrix}a_{11} &a_{12} \\ a_{21} & a_{22}\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}a'_{11} &a'_{12} \\ a'_{21} & a'_{22}\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}1 &0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \tag{I-5}
[a11a21a12a22][a11′a21′a12′a22′]=[1001](I-5)
及
[
a
11
′
a
12
′
a
21
′
a
22
′
]
[
a
11
a
12
a
21
a
22
]
=
[
1
0
0
1
]
(I-6)
\begin{bmatrix}a'_{11} &a'_{12} \\ a'_{21} & a'_{22}\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}a_{11} &a_{12} \\ a_{21} & a_{22}\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}1 &0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \tag{I-6}
[a11′a21′a12′a22′][a11a21a12a22]=[1001](I-6)
II. 仿射变换的性质
- 保持同素性 (点变换为点, 直线变换为直线)
- 保持结合性 (点和直线的结合关系)
- 保持共线三点的单比不变
- 保持直线的平行性
III. 同素性的代数证明
1. 点变换为点
定义式 (I-1) 即是证明.
2. 直线变换为直线
假设有一直线方程为
a
x
+
b
y
+
c
=
0
(III-2-1)
ax + by + c =0 \tag{III-2-1}
ax+by+c=0(III-2-1)
其中
a
2
+
b
2
≠
0
a^2 + b^2 \neq 0
a2+b2=0.
在仿射变换下有式 (I-3), 代入式 (III-2-1) 得到
a
(
a
11
′
x
′
+
a
12
′
y
′
+
a
13
′
)
+
b
(
a
21
′
x
′
+
a
22
′
y
′
+
a
23
′
)
+
c
=
0
⇒
(
a
a
11
′
+
b
a
21
′
)
x
′
+
(
a
a
12
′
+
b
a
22
′
)
y
′
+
(
a
a
13
′
+
b
a
23
′
+
c
)
=
0
(III-2-2)
\begin{aligned} a(a'_{11} x' + a'_{12} y' + a'_{13}) + b(a'_{21} x' + a'_{22} y' + a'_{23}) + c =0\\ \Rightarrow \quad (a a'_{11}+ b a'_{21}) x' + (aa'_{12} + b a'_{22}) y' +(a a'_{13} + b a'_{23} +c) = 0 \end{aligned} \tag{III-2-2}
a(a11′x′+a12′y′+a13′)+b(a21′x′+a22′y′+a23′)+c=0⇒(aa11′+ba21′)x′+(aa12′+ba22′)y′+(aa13′+ba23′+c)=0(III-2-2)
另外, 由仿射变换的可逆性质式 (I-3) 可知
∣
a
11
′
a
21
′
a
12
′
a
22
′
∣
≠
0
(III-2-3)
\left|\begin{matrix} a'_{11} &a'_{21} \\ a'_{12} &a'_{22} \end{matrix} \right| \neq 0 \tag{III-2-3}
a11′a12′a21′a22′
=0(III-2-3)
则使得下式
[
a
a
11
′
+
b
a
21
′
a
a
12
′
+
b
a
22
′
]
=
[
a
11
′
a
21
′
a
12
′
a
22
′
]
[
a
b
]
=
[
0
0
]
(III-2-4)
\begin{bmatrix}a a'_{11}+ b a'_{21} \\ aa'_{12} + b a'_{22} \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} a'_{11} &a'_{21} \\ a'_{12} &a'_{22} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}a\\b \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}0\\0 \end{bmatrix} \tag{III-2-4}
[aa11′+ba21′aa12′+ba22′]=[a11′a12′a21′a22′][ab]=[00](III-2-4)
成立的解仅为
(
a
,
b
)
=
(
0
,
0
)
(a, b) = (0, 0)
(a,b)=(0,0), 但与条件矛盾. 故
(
a
a
11
′
+
b
a
21
′
)
(a a'_{11}+ b a'_{21})
(aa11′+ba21′) 与
(
a
a
12
′
+
b
a
22
′
)
(aa'_{12} + b a'_{22})
(aa12′+ba22′) 不能同时为零.
即式 (III-2-2) 中变量
x
′
x'
x′ 和
y
′
y'
y′ 前的系数满足
(
a
a
11
′
+
b
a
21
′
)
2
+
(
a
a
12
′
+
b
a
22
′
)
2
≠
0
(III-2-5)
(a a'_{11}+ b a'_{21})^2 + (aa'_{12} + b a'_{22})^2 \neq 0 \tag{III-2-5}
(aa11′+ba21′)2+(aa12′+ba22′)2=0(III-2-5)
即式 (III-2-2) 必然为直线方程. 所以直线方程经过仿射变换后仍然为直线方程, 直线经过仿射变换后仍为直线.
IV. 结合性的代数证明
1. 直线上一点映射为直线上一点
已知一点 ( x 1 , y 1 ) (x_1, y_1) (x1,y1) 在直线 a x + b y + c = 0 ax+by+c =0 ax+by+c=0 上 ⟺ \Longleftrightarrow ⟺ 满足 a x 1 + b y 1 + c = 0 ax_1 +by_1 +c =0 ax1+by1+c=0.
下面证明仿射变换后的新点在仿射变换后的新直线上.
点
(
x
1
,
y
1
)
(x_1, y_1)
(x1,y1) 经过仿射变换后得到新点
(
x
1
′
,
y
1
′
)
(x'_1, y'_1)
(x1′,y1′)
{
x
1
′
=
a
11
x
1
+
a
12
y
1
+
a
13
y
1
′
=
a
21
x
1
+
a
22
y
1
+
a
23
(IV-1-1)
\left\{ \begin{aligned} x'_1 = a_{11} x_1 + a_{12} y_1 + a_{13}\\ y'_1 = a_{21} x_1 + a_{22} y_1 + a_{23} \end{aligned} \right. \tag{IV-1-1}
{x1′=a11x1+a12y1+a13y1′=a21x1+a22y1+a23(IV-1-1)
由同素性式 (III-2-2), 直线
a
x
+
b
y
+
c
=
0
ax+by+c =0
ax+by+c=0 经过仿射变换后得到新的直线方程
(
a
a
11
′
+
b
a
21
′
)
x
′
+
(
a
a
12
′
+
b
a
22
′
)
y
′
+
(
a
a
13
′
+
b
a
23
′
+
c
)
=
0
(IV-1-2)
(a a'_{11}+ b a'_{21}) x' + (aa'_{12} + b a'_{22}) y' +(a a'_{13} + b a'_{23} +c) = 0 \tag{IV-1-2}
(aa11′+ba21′)x′+(aa12′+ba22′)y′+(aa13′+ba23′+c)=0(IV-1-2)
将仿射变换后的新点坐标式 (IV-1-1) 代入上式的左侧得到
LHS
=
(
a
a
11
′
+
b
a
21
′
)
(
a
11
x
1
+
a
12
y
1
+
a
13
)
‾
+
(
a
a
12
′
+
b
a
22
′
)
(
a
21
x
1
+
a
22
y
1
+
a
23
)
‾
+
(
a
a
13
′
+
b
a
23
′
+
c
)
=
(
a
a
11
′
+
b
a
21
′
)
a
11
x
1
+
(
a
a
12
′
+
b
a
22
′
)
a
21
x
1
+
(
a
a
11
′
+
b
a
21
′
)
a
12
y
1
+
(
a
a
12
′
+
b
a
22
′
)
a
22
y
1
+
(
a
a
11
′
+
b
a
21
′
)
a
13
+
(
a
a
12
′
+
b
a
22
′
)
a
23
+
(
a
a
13
′
+
b
a
23
′
+
c
)
=
(
a
a
11
′
a
11
+
a
a
12
′
a
21
+
b
a
21
′
a
11
+
b
a
22
′
a
21
)
x
1
+
(
a
a
11
′
a
12
+
a
a
12
′
a
22
+
b
a
21
′
a
12
+
b
a
22
′
a
22
)
y
1
+
(
a
a
11
′
a
13
+
a
a
12
′
a
23
+
a
a
13
′
+
b
a
21
′
a
13
+
b
a
22
′
a
23
+
b
a
23
′
)
+
c
=
[
a
b
]
[
a
11
′
a
12
′
a
21
′
a
22
′
]
[
a
11
a
21
]
x
1
+
[
a
b
]
[
a
11
′
a
12
′
a
21
′
a
22
′
]
[
a
12
a
22
]
y
1
+
[
a
b
]
{
[
a
11
′
a
12
′
a
21
′
a
22
′
]
[
a
13
a
23
]
+
[
a
13
′
a
23
′
]
}
+
c
(IV-1-3)
\begin{aligned} \text{LHS}\ =\ &(a a'_{11}+ b a'_{21})\underline{(a_{11} x_1 + a_{12} y_1 + a_{13})} + (aa'_{12} + b a'_{22}) \underline{(a_{21} x_1 + a_{22} y_1 + a_{23})} + (a a'_{13} + b a'_{23} +c)\\ =\ & (a a'_{11}+ b a'_{21})a_{11} x_1 + (aa'_{12} + b a'_{22}) a_{21} x_1 \\ {+} & (a a'_{11}+ b a'_{21}) a_{12} y_1 +(aa'_{12} + b a'_{22}) a_{22} y_1 \\ {+}& (a a'_{11}+ b a'_{21}) a_{13} + (aa'_{12} + b a'_{22}) a_{23} + (a a'_{13} + b a'_{23} +c)\\ =\ & (a a'_{11}a_{11}+ aa'_{12} a_{21} + b a'_{21}a_{11} + b a'_{22} a_{21}) x_1 \\ {+}& (a a'_{11}a_{12}+ a a'_{12} a_{22} + b a'_{21} a_{12} + b a'_{22} a_{22}) y_1\\ {+}& (a a'_{11} a_{13}+ aa'_{12} a_{23} + a a'_{13} + b a'_{21} a_{13} + b a'_{22} a_{23} + b a'_{23}) \\ +& c\\ =\ & \begin{bmatrix} a &b\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} a'_{11} &a'_{12} \\ a'_{21} & a'_{22}\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} a_{11} \\ a_{21}\end{bmatrix} x_1 \\ {+}& \begin{bmatrix} a &b\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} a'_{11} &a'_{12} \\ a'_{21} & a'_{22}\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} a_{12} \\ a_{22}\end{bmatrix} y_1 \\ {+}& \begin{bmatrix} a &b\end{bmatrix} \left\{\begin{bmatrix} a'_{11} &a'_{12} \\ a'_{21} & a'_{22}\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} a_{13} \\ a_{23}\end{bmatrix}+ \begin{bmatrix} a'_{13} \\ a'_{23}\end{bmatrix}\right\} \\ {+}& c \end{aligned} \tag{IV-1-3}
LHS = = ++= +++= +++(aa11′+ba21′)(a11x1+a12y1+a13)+(aa12′+ba22′)(a21x1+a22y1+a23)+(aa13′+ba23′+c)(aa11′+ba21′)a11x1+(aa12′+ba22′)a21x1(aa11′+ba21′)a12y1+(aa12′+ba22′)a22y1(aa11′+ba21′)a13+(aa12′+ba22′)a23+(aa13′+ba23′+c)(aa11′a11+aa12′a21+ba21′a11+ba22′a21)x1(aa11′a12+aa12′a22+ba21′a12+ba22′a22)y1(aa11′a13+aa12′a23+aa13′+ba21′a13+ba22′a23+ba23′)c[ab][a11′a21′a12′a22′][a11a21]x1[ab][a11′a21′a12′a22′][a12a22]y1[ab]{[a11′a21′a12′a22′][a13a23]+[a13′a23′]}c(IV-1-3)
由式 (I-6) 可知
[
a
11
′
a
12
′
a
21
′
a
22
′
]
[
a
11
a
21
]
=
[
1
0
]
(IV-1-4)
\begin{bmatrix}a'_{11} &a'_{12} \\ a'_{21} & a'_{22}\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}a_{11} \\ a_{21} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix} \tag{IV-1-4}
[a11′a21′a12′a22′][a11a21]=[10](IV-1-4)
和
[
a
11
′
a
12
′
a
21
′
a
22
′
]
[
a
12
a
22
]
=
[
0
1
]
(IV-1-5)
\begin{bmatrix}a'_{11} &a'_{12} \\ a'_{21} & a'_{22}\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}a_{12} \\ a_{22}\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} \tag{IV-1-5}
[a11′a21′a12′a22′][a12a22]=[01](IV-1-5)
由仿射变换式 (I-1) 可知原点
(
0
,
0
)
(0,0)
(0,0) 的像为
(
a
13
,
a
23
)
(a_{13}, a_{23})
(a13,a23), 即
{
x
o
′
=
a
11
0
+
a
12
0
+
a
13
=
a
13
y
o
′
=
a
21
0
+
a
22
0
+
a
23
=
a
23
(IV-1-6)
\left\{ \begin{aligned} x'_{o} = a_{11} 0 + a_{12} 0 + a_{13} = a_{13}\\ y'_{o} = a_{21} 0 + a_{22} 0 + a_{23} = a_{23} \end{aligned} \right. \tag{IV-1-6}
{xo′=a110+a120+a13=a13yo′=a210+a220+a23=a23(IV-1-6)
相反地, 原点的像
(
a
13
,
a
23
)
(a_{13}, a_{23})
(a13,a23) 经过仿射变换逆映射式 (I-3) 后回到原点, 即
{
0
=
a
11
′
a
13
+
a
12
′
a
23
+
a
13
′
0
=
a
21
′
a
13
+
a
22
′
a
23
+
a
23
′
(IV-1-7)
\left\{ \begin{aligned} 0 = a'_{11} a_{13} + a'_{12} a_{23} + a'_{13}\\ 0 = a'_{21} a_{13} + a'_{22} a_{23} + a'_{23} \end{aligned} \right. \tag{IV-1-7}
{0=a11′a13+a12′a23+a13′0=a21′a13+a22′a23+a23′(IV-1-7)
上式写成矩阵形式为
[
a
11
′
a
12
′
a
21
′
a
22
′
]
[
a
13
a
23
]
+
[
a
13
′
a
23
′
]
=
[
0
0
]
(IV-1-8)
\begin{bmatrix}a'_{11} & a'_{12}\\a'_{21} &a'_{22} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}a_{13} \\ a_{23} \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix}a'_{13} \\ a'_{23} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}0 \\0 \end{bmatrix} \tag{IV-1-8}
[a11′a21′a12′a22′][a13a23]+[a13′a23′]=[00](IV-1-8)
将式 (IV-1-4)、(IV-1-5)、(IV-1-8) 代入式 (IV-1-3), 即仿射变换后的新点坐标式 (IV-1-1) 左侧为
LHS
=
[
a
b
]
[
1
0
]
x
1
+
[
a
b
]
[
0
1
]
y
1
+
[
a
b
]
[
0
0
]
+
c
=
a
x
1
+
b
y
1
+
c
=
0
(IV-1-9)
\begin{aligned} \text{LHS}\ =\ & \begin{bmatrix} a &b\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0\end{bmatrix} x_1 {+} \begin{bmatrix} a &b\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1\end{bmatrix} y_1 {+} \begin{bmatrix} a &b\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 0\end{bmatrix} {+} c\\ =\ & a x_1 {+} b y_1 {+} c\\ = \ &0 \end{aligned} \tag{IV-1-9}
LHS = = = [ab][10]x1+[ab][01]y1+[ab][00]+cax1+by1+c0(IV-1-9)
也就是说, 点
(
x
1
,
y
1
)
(x_1, y_1)
(x1,y1) 经过仿射变换后得到的新点
(
x
1
′
,
y
1
′
)
(x'_1, y'_1)
(x1′,y1′) 满足直线
a
x
+
b
y
+
c
=
0
ax+by+c =0
ax+by+c=0 进过仿射变换后得到的新直线方程式 (IV-1-2).
即直线上一点经过仿射变换后仍然在经过仿射变换后的直线上.
2. 直线外一点映射为直线外一点
如果存在仿射变换
φ
\varphi
φ 可以将直线
l
l
l 外一点
P
P
P 映射为直线
l
′
l'
l′ 上一点
P
′
P'
P′, 即
φ
:
l
↦
l
′
φ
:
P
↦
P
′
P
∉
l
,
P
′
∈
l
′
(IV-2-1)
\varphi:l \mapsto l'\\ \varphi:P \mapsto P' \\ P \notin l, P' \in l'\tag{IV-2-1}
φ:l↦l′φ:P↦P′P∈/l,P′∈l′(IV-2-1)
因为仿射变换的逆变换仍然是仿射变换, 即
φ
−
1
\varphi^{-1}
φ−1 仍然是仿射变换.
由已证明的 “直线上一点映射为直线上一点”, 可知经过逆仿射变换 φ − 1 \varphi^{-1} φ−1, 直线 l ′ l' l′ 上点 P ′ P' P′ 映射为直线 l l l 上点 P P P.
即已知像点 P ′ P' P′ 在直线 l ′ l' l′ 上时, 原像点 P P P 必在直线 l l l 上.
假设矛盾, 证毕.
V. 保持单比的代数证明
共线三点
P
(
x
,
y
)
P(x,y)
P(x,y)、
P
1
(
x
1
,
y
1
)
P_1(x_1, y_1)
P1(x1,y1)、
P
2
(
x
2
,
y
2
)
P_2(x_2, y_2)
P2(x2,y2) 的单比为
(
P
1
P
2
P
)
=
x
−
x
1
x
−
x
2
=
y
−
y
1
y
−
y
2
=
k
(V-1)
(P_1 P_2 P) = \frac{x-x_1}{x - x_2}=\frac{y-y_1}{y-y_2}=k \tag{V-1}
(P1P2P)=x−x2x−x1=y−y2y−y1=k(V-1)
即
x
−
x
1
=
k
(
x
−
x
2
)
y
−
y
1
=
k
(
y
−
y
2
)
(V-2)
{x-x_1}= k(x - x_2)\\ {y-y_1}= k(y-y_2) \tag{V-2}
x−x1=k(x−x2)y−y1=k(y−y2)(V-2)
经过仿射变换后得到
P
′
(
x
′
,
y
′
)
P'(x',y')
P′(x′,y′)、
P
1
′
(
x
1
′
,
y
1
′
)
P'_1(x'_1, y'_1)
P1′(x1′,y1′)、
P
2
′
(
x
2
′
,
y
2
′
)
P'_2(x'_2, y'_2)
P2′(x2′,y2′). 由仿射变换的结合性可知,
P
′
P'
P′、
P
1
′
P'_1
P1′、
P
2
′
P'_2
P2′ 三点仍然共线. 共线三点可计算单比
(
P
1
′
P
2
′
P
′
)
=
x
′
−
x
1
′
x
′
−
x
2
′
=
y
′
−
y
1
′
y
′
−
y
2
′
=
k
′
(V-3)
(P'_1 P'_2 P') = \frac{x'-x'_1}{x' - x'_2}=\frac{y'-y'_1}{y'-y'_2}=k' \tag{V-3}
(P1′P2′P′)=x′−x2′x′−x1′=y′−y2′y′−y1′=k′(V-3)
由仿射变换式 (I-1) 并结合式 (V-2), 可知
k
′
=
x
′
−
x
1
′
x
′
−
x
2
′
=
a
11
x
+
a
12
y
+
a
13
−
(
a
11
x
1
+
a
12
y
1
+
a
13
)
a
11
x
+
a
12
y
+
a
13
−
(
a
11
x
2
+
a
12
y
2
+
a
13
)
=
a
11
(
x
−
x
1
)
+
a
12
(
y
−
y
1
)
a
11
(
x
−
x
2
)
+
a
12
(
y
−
y
2
)
=
k
a
11
(
x
−
x
2
)
+
k
a
12
(
y
−
y
2
)
a
11
(
x
−
x
2
)
+
a
12
(
y
−
y
2
)
=
k
(V-4)
\begin{aligned} k' &= \frac{x'-x'_1}{x' - x'_2} \\ &= \frac{a_{11} x + a_{12} y + a_{13} - (a_{11} x_1 + a_{12} y_1 + a_{13})}{a_{11} x + a_{12} y + a_{13} - (a_{11} x_2 + a_{12} y_2 + a_{13})}\\ &= \frac{a_{11} (x-x_1) + a_{12} (y-y_1)}{a_{11} (x-x_2) + a_{12} (y-y_2)}\\ &= \frac{k a_{11} (x-x_2) + k a_{12} (y-y_2)}{a_{11} (x-x_2) + a_{12} (y-y_2)}\\ &= k \end{aligned}\tag{V-4}
k′=x′−x2′x′−x1′=a11x+a12y+a13−(a11x2+a12y2+a13)a11x+a12y+a13−(a11x1+a12y1+a13)=a11(x−x2)+a12(y−y2)a11(x−x1)+a12(y−y1)=a11(x−x2)+a12(y−y2)ka11(x−x2)+ka12(y−y2)=k(V-4)
即单比保持不变.
VI. 平行性的代数证明
已知两条直线
l
1
l_1
l1 和
l
2
l_2
l2 平行, 则该两条直线的方程可写为
{
l
1
:
a
x
+
b
y
+
c
1
=
0
l
2
:
a
x
+
b
y
+
c
2
=
0
(VI-1)
\left\{ \begin{aligned} l_1: ax+by+c_1=0\\ l_2: ax+by+c_2=0 \end{aligned} \right. \tag{VI-1}
{l1:ax+by+c1=0l2:ax+by+c2=0(VI-1)
其中
c
1
≠
c
2
c_1 \neq c_2
c1=c2. (注意仿射坐标系不一定为直角坐标系)
由同素性证明中式 (III-1-2) , 直线
l
1
l_1
l1 和
l
2
l_2
l2 经过仿射变换的方程式分别为
l
1
′
:
(
a
a
11
′
+
b
a
21
′
)
x
′
+
(
a
a
12
′
+
b
a
22
′
)
y
′
+
(
a
a
13
′
+
b
a
23
′
+
c
1
)
=
0
l
2
′
:
(
a
a
11
′
+
b
a
21
′
)
x
′
+
(
a
a
12
′
+
b
a
22
′
)
y
′
+
(
a
a
13
′
+
b
a
23
′
+
c
2
)
=
0
l'_1: (a a'_{11}+ b a'_{21}) x' + (aa'_{12} + b a'_{22}) y' +(a a'_{13} + b a'_{23} +c_1) = 0\\ l'_2: (a a'_{11}+ b a'_{21}) x' + (aa'_{12} + b a'_{22}) y' +(a a'_{13} + b a'_{23} +c_2) = 0
l1′:(aa11′+ba21′)x′+(aa12′+ba22′)y′+(aa13′+ba23′+c1)=0l2′:(aa11′+ba21′)x′+(aa12′+ba22′)y′+(aa13′+ba23′+c2)=0
其中
a
a
13
′
+
b
a
23
′
+
c
1
≠
a
a
13
′
+
b
a
23
′
+
c
2
a a'_{13} + b a'_{23} +c_1 \neq a a'_{13} + b a'_{23} +c_2
aa13′+ba23′+c1=aa13′+ba23′+c2, 而两者的方向数相同.
可知经过仿射变换后 l 1 ′ l'_1 l1′ 和 l 2 ′ l'_2 l2′ 仍然平行.
参考文献
[1] 梅向明, 刘增贤, 王汇淳, 王智秋, 高等几何(第四版), 高等教育出版社, 2020
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本文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/woyaomaishu2/article/details/142771571
本文作者:wzf@robotics_notes