zonal polynomial

吴炳洋

已于 2022-02-20 09:30:26 修改

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于 2022-02-19 13:37:30 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/wubyatseu/article/details/123006007

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Definition of zonal polynomial

Let Y be an $m\times m$ symmetric matrix with latent roots $y_1,y_2,\cdots, y_m$ and let $\kappa =(k_1,k_2,\cdots,k_m)$ be a partition of k into not more than m parts, The zonal polynomial of Y corresponding to $\kappa$ , denoted by $C_\kappa(Y)$ is a symmetric, homogeneous polynomial of degree k in the latent roots $y_1,y_2,\cdots, y_m$ such that:
(i) The term of highest weight in $C_\kappa(Y)$ is $y_1^{k_1}\cdots y_m^{k_m}$ , that is,

$C_\kappa(Y)=d_\kappa.y_1^{k_1}\cdots y_m^{k_m}+\textrm{terms of lower weight}$ (1)

where $d_\kappa$ is a constant.
(ii) $C_\kappa(Y)$ is an eigenfunction of the differential operator $\Delta _Y$ , given by

$\Delta _Y=\sum _{i=1}^{m}y_i^2\frac{\partial^2 }{\partial y_i^2 }+\sum_{i=1}^m \sum_{j=1,j\neq i}^m\frac{y_i^2}{y_i-y_j}\frac{\partial }{\partial y_i}$ (2)

(iii) As $\kappa$ varies over all partitions of k , the zonal polynomials have unit coefficients in the expansion of (tr Y ), that is,

$(\textrm{tr} Y)^k=(y_1+y_2+\cdots+y_m)^k=\sum_\kappa C_\kappa(Y)$ (3)

Remark 1. By a symmetric, homogeneous polynomial of degree k in，we mean a polynomial which is unchanged by a permutation of the subscripts and such that every term in the polynomial has degree k.

Remark 2. By saying that $C_\kappa(Y)$ is an eigenfunction of the differential operator $\Delta _Y$ given by (2) we mean that

$\Delta _Y C_\kappa (Y)=a C_\kappa (Y)$

where $a$ is a constant which does not depend on $y_1,y_2,\cdots, y_m$ , (but which can depend on $\kappa$ ) and which is called the eigenvalue of $\Delta _Y$ corresponding to $C_\kappa(Y)$ .

$\begin{align*} \Delta _Y y_1^{k_1}\cdots y_m^{k_m}&=y_1^{k_1}\cdots y_m^{k_m}\left [ \sum _{i=1}^{m}k_i(k_{i-1})+\sum_{i=1}^m \sum_{j=1,j\neq i}^m\frac{y_i k_i}{y_i-y_j}\right ]\\ &=y_1^{k_1}\cdots y_m^{k_m}\left [ \sum _{i=1}^{m}k_i^2-k+\sum_{i=1}^{m-1} \sum_{j=i+1}^m\left ( \frac{y_i k_i}{y_i-y_j}+\frac{y_j k_j}{y_j-y_i}\right )\right ]\\ &=y_1^{k_1}\cdots y_m^{k_m}\left [ \sum _{i=1}^{m} k_i^2-k+\sum _{i=1}^{m}k_i(m-i)+\sum_{i=1}^{m-1} \sum_{j=i+1}^m \frac{y_j }{y_i-y_j}\left (k_i-k_j \right )\right ]\\ &=y_1^{k_1}\cdots y_m^{k_m}\left [ \sum _{i=1}^{m} k_i(k_i-i)+k(m-1)\right ]+\textrm{lower weight terms} \end{align*}$ (4)

The constant

$a= \sum _{i=1}^{m} k_i(k_i-i)+k(m-1)=\rho_\kappa +k(m-1)$ (5)

About the lower weight terms:

$y_1^{k_1}\cdots y_m^{k_m} \sum_{i=1}^{m-1} \sum_{j=i+1}^m \frac{y_j }{y_i-y_j}\left (k_i-k_j \right )$

Considering that a zonal polynomial is symmetric and homogeneous, there are must be a $y_j^{k_i}y_i^{k_j}***$ for any $y_i^{k_i}y_j^{k_j}***$ ,

$\begin{align*} &y_i^{k_i}y_j^{k_j}\frac{y_j }{y_i-y_j}\left (k_i-k_j \right )+y_j^{k_i}y_i^{k_j}\frac{y_i}{y_j-y_i}\left (k_i-k_j \right )\\&= \frac{y_i^{k_i}y_j^{k_j+1}-y_j^{k_i}y_i^{k_j+1} }{y_i-y_j}\left (k_i-k_j \right )\\ &=\frac{(y_iy_j)^{k_j+1}(y_i^{k_i-k_j-1}-y_j^{k_i-k_j-1} )}{y_i-y_j}\left (k_i-k_j \right ) \end{align}$ (6)

It is noted that $k_i\ge k_j$ , if $k_i-k_j$ is 0 or 1, the results of (6) is 0, if $k_i-k_j$ is equal or larger than 2, the higher degree will be less than $k_i$ , so it is a lower weight term.

From

$\frac{a^n-b^n}{a-b}=\left\{\begin{matrix} 1& n=1\\a+b& n=2 \\ a^2+ab+b^2 & n=3\\ a^{n-1}+a^{n-2}b+\cdots+ab^{n-2}+b^{n-1} & n>3 \end{matrix}\right.$ (7)