一.编程生成模拟数据集,进行LDA算法练习
处理鸢尾花数据集:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import make_classification
class LDA():
def Train(self, X, y):
"""X为训练数据集,y为训练label"""
X1 = np.array([X[i] for i in range(len(X)) if y[i] == 0])
X2 = np.array([X[i] for i in range(len(X)) if y[i] == 1])
# 求中心点
mju1 = np.mean(X1, axis=0) # mju1是ndrray类型
mju2 = np.mean(X2, axis=0)
# dot(a, b, out=None) 计算矩阵乘法
cov1 = np.dot((X1 - mju1).T, (X1 - mju1))
cov2 = np.dot((X2 - mju2).T, (X2 - mju2))
Sw = cov1 + cov2
# 计算w
w = np.dot(np.mat(Sw).I, (mju1 - mju2).reshape((len(mju1), 1)))
# 记录训练结果
self.mju1 = mju1 # 第1类的分类中心
self.cov1 = cov1
self.mju2 = mju2 # 第2类的分类中心
self.cov2 = cov2
self.Sw = Sw # 类内散度矩阵
self.w = w # 判别权重矩阵
def Test(self, X, y):
"""X为测试数据集,y为测试label"""
# 分类结果
y_new = np.dot((X), self.w)
# 计算fisher线性判别式
nums = len(y)
c1 = np.dot((self.mju1 - self.mju2).reshape(1, (len(self.mju1))), np.mat(self.Sw).I)
c2 = np.dot(c1, (self.mju1 + self.mju2).reshape((len(self.mju1), 1)))
c = 1/2 * c2 # 2个分类的中心
h = y_new - c
# 判别
y_hat = []
for i in range(nums):
if h[i] >= 0:
y_hat.append(0)
else:
y_hat.append(1)
# 计算分类精度
count = 0
for i in range(nums):
if y_hat[i] == y[i]:
count += 1
precise = count / nums
# 显示信息
print("测试样本数量:", nums)
print("预测正确样本的数量:", count)
print("测试准确度:", precise)
return precise
if '__main__' == __name__:
# 产生分类数据
n_samples = 500
X, y = make_classification(n_samples=n_samples, n_features=2, n_redundant=0, n_classes=2,n_informative=1, n_clusters_per_class=1, class_sep=0.5, random_state=10)
# LDA线性判别分析(二分类)
lda = LDA()
# 60% 用作训练,40%用作测试
Xtrain = X[:299, :]
Ytrain = y[:299]
Xtest = X[300:, :]
Ytest = y[300:]
lda.Train(Xtrain, Ytrain)
precise = lda.Test(Xtest, Ytest)
# 原始数据
plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], marker='o', c=y)
plt.xlabel("x1")
plt.ylabel("x2")
plt.title("Test precise:" + str(precise))
plt.show()
处理月亮数据集:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import make_moons
class LDA():
def Train(self, X, y):
"""X为训练数据集,y为训练label"""
X1 = np.array([X[i] for i in range(len(X)) if y[i] == 0])
X2 = np.array([X[i] for i in range(len(X)) if y[i] == 1])
# 求中心点
mju1 = np.mean(X1, axis=0) # mju1是ndrray类型
mju2 = np.mean(X2, axis=0)
# dot(a, b, out=None) 计算矩阵乘法
cov1 = np.dot((X1 - mju1).T, (X1 - mju1))
cov2 = np.dot((X2 - mju2).T, (X2 - mju2))
Sw = cov1 + cov2
# 计算w
w = np.dot(np.mat(Sw).I, (mju1 - mju2).reshape((len(mju1), 1)))
# 记录训练结果
self.mju1 = mju1 # 第1类的分类中心
self.cov1 = cov1
self.mju2 = mju2 # 第1类的分类中心
self.cov2 = cov2
self.Sw = Sw # 类内散度矩阵
self.w = w # 判别权重矩阵
def Test(self, X, y):
"""X为测试数据集,y为测试label"""
# 分类结果
y_new = np.dot((X), self.w)
# 计算fisher线性判别式
nums = len(y)
c1 = np.dot((self.mju1 - self.mju2).reshape(1, (len(self.mju1))), np.mat(self.Sw).I)
c2 = np.dot(c1, (self.mju1 + self.mju2).reshape((len(self.mju1), 1)))
c = 1/2 * c2 # 2个分类的中心
h = y_new - c
# 判别
y_hat = []
for i in range(nums):
if h[i] >= 0:
y_hat.append(0)
else:
y_hat.append(1)
# 计算分类精度
count = 0
for i in range(nums):
if y_hat[i] == y[i]:
count += 1
precise = count / (nums+0.000001)
# 显示信息
print("测试样本数量:", nums)
print("预测正确样本的数量:", count)
print("测试准确度:", precise)
return precise
if '__main__' == __name__:
# 产生分类数据
X, y = make_moons(n_samples=100, noise=0.15, random_state=42)
# LDA线性判别分析(二分类)
lda = LDA()
# 60% 用作训练,40%用作测试
Xtrain = X[:60, :]
Ytrain = y[:60]
Xtest = X[40:, :]
Ytest = y[40:]
lda.Train(Xtrain, Ytrain)
precise = lda.Test(Xtest, Ytest)
# 原始数据
plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], marker='o', c=y)
plt.xlabel("x1")
plt.ylabel("x2")
plt.title("Test precise:" + str(precise))
plt.show()
二、k-means法
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
from sklearn import datasets
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
iris = load_iris()
X = iris.data[:] ##表示我们只取特征空间中的后两个维度
estimator = KMeans(n_clusters=5)#构造聚类器
estimator.fit(X)#聚类
label_pred = estimator.labels_ #获取聚类标签
#绘制k-means结果
x0 = X[label_pred == 0]
x1 = X[label_pred == 1]
x2 = X[label_pred == 2]
x3 = X[label_pred == 3]
plt.scatter(x0[:, 0], x0[:, 1], c = "red", marker='o', label='label0')
plt.scatter(x1[:, 0], x1[:, 1], c = "green", marker='*', label='label1')
#plt.scatter(x2[:, 0], x2[:, 1], c = "blue", marker='+', label='label2')
#plt.scatter(x3[:, 0], x3[:, 1], c = "yellow", marker='o', label='label3')
plt.xlabel('petal length')
plt.ylabel('petal width')
plt.legend(loc=2)
plt.show()
处理月亮数据:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
from sklearn.datasets import make_moons
X, y = make_moons(n_samples=100, noise=0.15, random_state=42)
estimator = KMeans(n_clusters=5)#构造聚类器
estimator.fit(X)#聚类
label_pred = estimator.labels_ #获取聚类标签
#绘制k-means结果
x0 = X[label_pred == 0]
x1 = X[label_pred == 1]
x2 = X[label_pred == 2]
x3 = X[label_pred == 3]
plt.scatter(x0[:, 0], x0[:, 1], c = "red", marker='o', label='label0')
plt.scatter(x1[:, 0], x1[:, 1], c = "green", marker='*', label='label1')
#plt.scatter(x2[:, 0], x2[:, 1], c = "blue", marker='+', label='label2')
#plt.scatter(x3[:, 0], x3[:, 1], c = "yellow", marker='o', label='label3')
plt.xlabel('petal length')
plt.ylabel('petal width')
plt.legend(loc=2)
plt.show()
三、SVM算法
处理鸢尾花数据集:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn import datasets, svm
import pandas as pd
from pylab import *
mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
iris = datasets.load_iris()
iris = datasets.load_iris()
X = iris.data
y = iris.target
X = X[y != 0, :2] # 选择X的前两个特性
y = y[y != 0]
n_sample = len(X)
np.random.seed(0)
order = np.random.permutation(n_sample) # 排列,置换
X = X[order]
y = y[order].astype(np.float)
X_train = X[:int(.9 * n_sample)]
y_train = y[:int(.9 * n_sample)]
X_test = X[int(.9 * n_sample):]
y_test = y[int(.9 * n_sample):]
#合适的模型
for fig_num, kernel in enumerate(('linear', 'rbf','poly')): # 径向基函数 (Radial Basis Function 简称 RBF),常用的是高斯基函数
clf = svm.SVC(kernel=kernel, gamma=10) # gamma是“rbf”、“poly”和“sigmoid”的核系数。
clf.fit(X_train, y_train)
plt.figure(str(kernel))
plt.xlabel('x1')
plt.ylabel('x2')
plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=y, zorder=10, cmap=plt.cm.Paired, edgecolor='k', s=20)
# zorder: z方向上排列顺序,数值越大,在上方显示
# paired两个色彩相近输出(paired)
# 圈出测试数据
plt.scatter(X_test[:, 0], X_test[:, 1], s=80, facecolors='none',zorder=10, edgecolor='k')
plt.axis('tight') #更改 x 和 y 轴限制,以便显示所有数据
x_min = X[:, 0].min()
x_max = X[:, 0].max()
y_min = X[:, 1].min()
y_max = X[:, 1].max()
XX, YY = np.mgrid[x_min:x_max:200j, y_min:y_max:200j]
Z = clf.decision_function(np.c_[XX.ravel(), YY.ravel()]) # 样本X到分离超平面的距离
Z = Z.reshape(XX.shape)
plt.contourf(XX,YY,Z>0,cmap=plt.cm.Paired)
plt.contour(XX, YY, Z, colors=['r', 'k', 'b'],
linestyles=['--', '-', '--'], levels=[-0.5, 0, 0.5]) # 范围
plt.title(kernel)
plt.show()
处理月亮数据集:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
from sklearn.datasets import make_moons
from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.svm import LinearSVC
# 为了显示中文
mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = [u'SimHei']
mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
X, y = make_moons(n_samples=100, noise=0.15, random_state=42)
def plot_dataset(X, y, axes):
plt.plot(X[:, 0][y==0], X[:, 1][y==0], "bs")
plt.plot(X[:, 0][y==1], X[:, 1][y==1], "g^")
plt.axis(axes)
plt.grid(True, which='both')
plt.xlabel(r"$x_1$", fontsize=20)
plt.ylabel(r"$x_2$", fontsize=20, rotation=0)
plt.title("月亮数据",fontsize=20)
plot_dataset(X, y, [-1.5, 2.5, -1, 1.5])
plt.show()
polynomial_svm_clf = Pipeline([
# 将源数据 映射到 3阶多项式
("poly_features", PolynomialFeatures(degree=3)),
# 标准化
("scaler", StandardScaler()),
# SVC线性分类器
("svm_clf", LinearSVC(C=10, loss="hinge", random_state=42))
])
polynomial_svm_clf.fit(X, y)
def plot_predictions(clf, axes):
# 打表
x0s = np.linspace(axes[0], axes[1], 100)
x1s = np.linspace(axes[2], axes[3], 100)
x0, x1 = np.meshgrid(x0s, x1s)
X = np.c_[x0.ravel(), x1.ravel()]
y_pred = clf.predict(X).reshape(x0.shape)
y_decision = clf.decision_function(X).reshape(x0.shape)
# print(y_pred)
# print(y_decision)
plt.contourf(x0, x1, y_pred, cmap=plt.cm.brg, alpha=0.2)
plt.contourf(x0, x1, y_decision, cmap=plt.cm.brg, alpha=0.1)
plot_predictions(polynomial_svm_clf, [-1.5, 2.5, -1, 1.5])
plot_dataset(X, y, [-1.5, 2.5, -1, 1.5])
plt.show()
from sklearn.svm import SVC
gamma1, gamma2 = 0.1, 5
C1, C2 = 0.001, 1000
hyperparams = (gamma1, C1), (gamma1, C2)
svm_clfs = []
for gamma, C in hyperparams:
rbf_kernel_svm_clf = Pipeline([
("scaler", StandardScaler()),
("svm_clf", SVC(kernel="rbf", gamma=gamma, C=C))
])
rbf_kernel_svm_clf.fit(X, y)
svm_clfs.append(rbf_kernel_svm_clf)
plt.figure(figsize=(11, 7))
for i, svm_clf in enumerate(svm_clfs):
plt.subplot(221 + i)
plot_predictions(svm_clf, [-1.5, 2.5, -1, 1.5])
plot_dataset(X, y, [-1.5, 2.5, -1, 1.5])
gamma, C = hyperparams[i]
plt.title(r"$\gamma = {}, C = {}$".format(gamma, C), fontsize=16)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
续写代码:
#进行标准化并训练数据
scaler=StandardScaler()# 标准化
scaler.fit(data_x)#计算训练数据的均值和方差
data_x=scaler.transform(data_x) #再用scaler中的均值和方差来转换X,使X标准化
liner_svc=LinearSVC(C=1e9,max_iter=100000)#线性svm分类器,iter是迭达次数,c值决定的是容错,c越大,容错越小
liner_svc.fit(data_x,data_y)
# 边界绘制函数,为下面可视化分类做准备
def plot_decision_boundary(model,axis):
x0,x1=np.meshgrid(
np.linspace(axis[0],axis[1],int((axis[1]-axis[0])*100)).reshape(-1,1),
np.linspace(axis[2],axis[3],int((axis[3]-axis[2])*100)).reshape(-1,1))
# meshgrid函数是从坐标向量中返回坐标矩阵
x_new=np.c_[x0.ravel(),x1.ravel()]
y_predict=model.predict(x_new)#获取预测值
zz=y_predict.reshape(x0.shape)
custom_cmap=ListedColormap(['#EF9A9A','#FFF59D','#90CAF9'])
plt.contourf(x0,x1,zz,cmap=custom_cmap)
#画图并输出参数权重和模型截距
plot_decision_boundary(liner_svc,axis=[-3,3,-3,3])
plt.scatter(data_x[data_y==0,0],data_x[data_y==0,1],color='red')
plt.scatter(data_x[data_y==1,0],data_x[data_y==1,1],color='blue')
plt.show()
print('参数权重')
print(liner_svc.coef_)
print('模型截距')
print(liner_svc.intercept_)
使用核函数处理月亮数据集
from sklearn.svm import SVC
def PolynomialKernelSVC(degree,C=1.0):
return Pipeline([ ("std_scaler",StandardScaler()), ("kernelSVC",SVC(kernel="poly")) # poly代表多项式特征
])
poly_kernel_svc = PolynomialKernelSVC(degree=3)
poly_kernel_svc.fit(X,y)
plot_decision_boundary(poly_kernel_svc,axis=[-1.5,2.5,-1.0,1.5])
plt.scatter(X[y==0,0],X[y==0,1])
plt.scatter(X[y==1,0],X[y==1,1])
plt.show()
使用高斯核函数处理月亮数据集:
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.svm import SVC
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
def RBFKernelSVC(gamma=1.0):
return Pipeline([ ('std_scaler',StandardScaler()), ('svc',SVC(kernel='rbf',gamma=gamma)) ])
svc = RBFKernelSVC()
svc.fit(X,y)
plot_decision_boundary(svc,axis=[-1.5,2.5,-1.0,1.5])
plt.scatter(X[y==0,0],X[y==0,1])
plt.scatter(X[y==1,0],X[y==1,1])
plt.show()
参考文献:https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43869980/article/details/106196981