About variant scope chain

I think about the best I can do is give you a bunch of examples to study. Javascript programmers are practically ranked by how well they understand scope. It can at times be quite counter-intuitive.

// a globally-scoped variable
var a=1;

// global scope
function one(){
    alert(a); 
}

// local scope
function two(a){
    alert(a);
}

// local scope again
function three(){
  var a = 3;
  alert(a);
}

// Intermediate: no such thing as block scope in javascript
function four(){
    if(true){
        var a=4;
    }

    alert(a); // alerts '4', not the global value of '1'
}


// Intermediate: object properties
function Five(){
    this.a = 5;
}


// Advanced: closure
var six = function(){
    var foo = 6;

    return function(){
        // javascript "closure" means I have access to foo in here, 
        // because it is defined in the function in which I was defined.
        alert(foo);
    }
}()


// Advanced: prototype-based scope resolution
function Seven(){
  this.a = 7;
}

// [object].prototype.property loses to [object].property in the scope chain
Seven.prototype.a = -1; // won't get reached, because 'a' is set in the constructor above.
Seven.prototype.b = 8; // Will get reached, even though 'b' is NOT set in the constructor.



// These will print 1-8
one();
two(2);
three();
four();
alert(new Five().a);
six();
alert(new Seven().a);
alert(new Seven().b);

Javascript uses scope chains to establish the scope for a given function. There is typically one global scope, and each function defined has its own nested scope. Any function defined within another function has a local scope which is linked to the outer function. It's always the position in the source that defines the scope.

Variables declared globally have a global scope. Variables declared within a function are scoped to that function, and shadow global variables of the same name. This tutorial page has lots of good examples.

(I'm sure there are many subtleties that real JavaScript programmers will be able to point out in other answers. In particular I came across this page about what exactly this means at any time. Hopefully the first link is enough to get you started though.)