本文先介绍光线追踪的理论,然后着重一步一步来搭建渲染场景,从最基本的向量类开始.采用的语言是c++,利用面向对象的思想,一些基础的线性代数和空间几何的知识也会用到,编程的框架用的是GLFW,渲染用到的是OpenGL。
原理
光线追踪,简单地说,就是从摄影机的位置,通过影像平面上的像素位置(比较正确的说法是取样(sampling)位置),发射一束光线到场景,求光线和几何图形间最近的交点,再求该交点的著色。如果该交点的材质是反射性的,可以在该交点向反射方向继续追踪。光线追踪除了容易支持一些全局光照效果外,亦不局限于三角形作为几何图形的单位。任何几何图形,能与一束光线计算交点(intersection point),就能支持。
示意图如下:
光线追踪有一些很棒的特性,比如:能够生成高度真实感的图形,特别是对于表面光滑的对象,缺点是所需的计算量大的惊人.
原理其实非常的简单,但具体实现起来的时候会有很多细节的地方.
代码实现
向量类
可以表示空上的点(x,y,z).
gvector3.h
gvector3.cpp
着重解释一下向量的点乘和叉乘。
<span style="font-size: 14px;">点乘,也叫向量的内积、数量积。顾名思义,求下来的结果是一个数。 在物理学中,已知力与位移求功,实际上就是求向量F与向量s的内积,即要用点乘。 </span>
<span style="font-size: 14px;">叉乘,也叫向量的外积、向量积。顾名思义,求下来的结果是一个向量,记这个向量为c。 向量c的方向与a,b所在的平面垂直,且方向要用“右手法则”判断(用右手的四指先表示向量a的方向,然后手指朝着手心的方向摆动到向量b的方向,大拇指所指的方向就是向量c的方向)。</span>
<span style="font-size: 14px;">在物理学中,已知力与力臂求力矩,就是向量的外积,即叉乘。 </span>
<span style="font-size: 14px;">数值上的计算,将向量用坐标表示(三维向量), 若向量a=(a1,b1,c1),向量b=(a2,b2,c2), 则 向量a·向量b=a1a2+b1b2+c1c2 向量a×向量b= | i j k| |a1 b1 c1| |a2 b2 c2| =(b1c2-b2c1,c1a2-a1c2,a1b2-a2b1) (i、j、k分别为空间中相互垂直的三条坐标轴的单位向量)。</span>
<h2 style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a target=_blank name="t3" style="color: rgb(12, 137, 207);"></a><span style="font-size: 14px;">光线类</span></h2><span style="font-size: 14px;"></span><pre id="best-answer-content" class="reply-text mb10" name="code" style="white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; font-family: Arial; zoom: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 252, 246);">首先来看一下光线的表示方法。
<img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20130727101416968?watermark/2/text/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQvc2lsYW5ncXVhbg==/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70/gravity/Center" alt="" style="border: none;" />
<img src="https://img-blog.csdn.net/20130727101504234?watermark/2/text/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQvc2lsYW5ncXVhbg==/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70/gravity/Center" alt="" style="border: none;" />
当t=0时,p=e, 当t=1时,p=s.0<t1<t2则t1更接近眼睛。
这个结论在求交的时候会用到。有两个私有成员,原点和方向,数学上可用参数函数来表示:r(t)=o+td;t>=0cray.h
<div class="dp-highlighter bg_cpp" style="font-family: Consolas, 'Courier New', Courier, mono, serif; font-size: 12px; width: 939.084838867188px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 1px; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 18px 0px !important; background-color: rgb(231, 229, 220);"><div class="bar" style="padding-left: 45px;"><div class="tools" style="padding: 3px 8px 10px 10px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: silver; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><strong>[cpp]</strong> <a target=_blank href="http://blog.csdn.net/silangquan/article/details/8176855#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" style="text-decoration: none; border: none; padding: 1px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(12, 137, 207); display: inline-block; width: 16px; height: 16px; text-indent: -2000px; background-image: url(http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/SyntaxHighlighter/styles/images/default/ico_plain.gif); 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border: none; color: rgb(92, 92, 92); margin: 0px 0px 1px 45px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"><span style=</span><span class="string" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: blue; background-color: inherit;">"font-size:14px;"</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;">>#ifndef CRAY_H </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"><span class="preprocessor" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: gray; background-color: inherit;">#define CRAY_H</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> </span></span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"><span class="preprocessor" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: gray; background-color: inherit;">#include <iostream></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"><span class="preprocessor" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: gray; background-color: inherit;">#include "gvector3.h"</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> </span></span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"><span class="preprocessor" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: gray; background-color: inherit;">#define PI 3.14159</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"><span class="keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); font-weight: bold; background-color: inherit;">using</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> </span><span class="keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); font-weight: bold; background-color: inherit;">namespace</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> std; </span></span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"><span class="keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); font-weight: bold; background-color: inherit;">class</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> CRay </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">{ </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> <span class="keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); font-weight: bold; background-color: inherit;">private</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;">: </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> GVector3 origin; </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> GVector3 direction; </span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> <span class="keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); font-weight: bold; background-color: inherit;">public</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;">: </span></span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> CRay(); </span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> CRay(GVector3 o,GVector3 d); </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> ~CRay(); </span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> <span class="keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); font-weight: bold; background-color: inherit;">void</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> setOrigin(GVector3 o); </span></span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> <span class="keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); font-weight: bold; background-color: inherit;">void</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> setDirection(GVector3 d); </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> GVector3 getOrigin(); </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> GVector3 getDirection(); </span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> <span class="comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 130, 0); background-color: inherit;">//通过向射线的参数方程传入参数t而获得在射线上的点</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> </span></span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> GVector3 getPoint(<span class="datatypes" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(46, 139, 87); font-weight: bold; background-color: inherit;">double</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> t); </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">}; </span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"><span class="preprocessor" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: gray; background-color: inherit;">#endif</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> </span></span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"></span> </span></li></ol></div><span style="font-size: 14px;"> cray.cpp</span>
<div class="dp-highlighter bg_cpp" style="font-family: Consolas, 'Courier New', Courier, mono, serif; font-size: 12px; width: 939.084838867188px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 1px; border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 18px 0px !important; background-color: rgb(231, 229, 220);"><div class="bar" style="padding-left: 45px;"><div class="tools" style="padding: 3px 8px 10px 10px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: silver; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><strong>[cpp]</strong> <a target=_blank href="http://blog.csdn.net/silangquan/article/details/8176855#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" style="text-decoration: none; border: none; padding: 1px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; font-size: 9px; color: rgb(12, 137, 207); display: inline-block; width: 16px; height: 16px; text-indent: -2000px; background-image: url(http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/SyntaxHighlighter/styles/images/default/ico_plain.gif); 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border: none; color: rgb(92, 92, 92); margin: 0px 0px 1px 45px !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"><span style=</span><span class="string" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: blue; background-color: inherit;">"font-size:14px;"</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;">>#include </span><span class="string" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: blue; background-color: inherit;">"cray.h"</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">CRay::CRay() </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">{ </span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">} </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">CRay::~CRay() </span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">{ </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">} </span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">CRay::CRay(GVector3 o,GVector3 d) </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">{ </span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> origin=o; </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> direction=d; </span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">} </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"><span class="keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); font-weight: bold; background-color: inherit;">void</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> CRay::setDirection(GVector3 d) </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">{ </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> direction=d; </span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">} </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"><span class="keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); font-weight: bold; background-color: inherit;">void</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> CRay::setOrigin(GVector3 o) </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">{ </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> origin=o; </span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">} </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">GVector3 CRay::getDirection() </span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">{ </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> <span class="keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); font-weight: bold; background-color: inherit;">return</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> direction; </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">} </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">GVector3 CRay::getOrigin() </span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">{ </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> <span class="keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); font-weight: bold; background-color: inherit;">return</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> origin; </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">} </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">GVector3 CRay::getPoint(<span class="datatypes" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(46, 139, 87); font-weight: bold; background-color: inherit;">double</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> t) </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">{ </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> <span class="keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); font-weight: bold; background-color: inherit;">return</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> origin+direction*t; </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;">} </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"></span> </span></li></ol></div>
初试画板
这里用GLFW作为opengl的编程框架。GLFW是一个自由,开源,多平台的图形库,可用于创建窗口,渲染OpenGL,管理输入。
GLFW的配置见《 GLFW入门学习》.这里主要要做的就是将我们窗口映射成像素的点阵,然后填充颜色。
渲染结果:
球体
球面的几何定义是到空间某点距离一定的点的集合。
这里着重需要说明的是球体的isIntersected函数,用于求光线是否与球体相交,并将结果存在result中返回。
中心点为c、半径为r的球体表面可用等式(equation)表示:||x-c||=r
只要把x=r(t)带入,求解即可得交点。具体的运算过程如下(令v=o-c)。
若根号内为负数,即相交不发生。另外,由于这里只需要取最近的交点,因此正负号只需取负号。
而球体在交点的法向量可表示为n=(p- c),单位法向量为(p -c)/R
所以空间球体可以用两个参数来表示:圆心位置和半径。
代码如下。
csphere.h
csphere.cpp
摄像机
摄影机在光线追踪系统里,负责把影像的取样位置,生成一束光线。
由于影像的大小是可变的(多少像素宽x多少像素高),为方便计算,这里设定一个统一的取样座标(sx, sy),以左下角为(0,0),右上角为(1 ,1)。
从数学角度来说,摄影机透过投影(projection),把三维空间投射到二维空间上。常见的投影有正投影(orthographic projection)、透视投影(perspective projection)等等。这里首先实现透视投影。
透视摄影机比较像肉眼和真实摄影机的原理,能表现远小近大的观察方式。透视投影从视点(view point/eye position),向某个方向观察场景,观察的角度范围称为视野(field of view, FOV)。除了定义观察的向前(forward)是那个方向,还需要定义在影像平面中,何谓上下和左右。为简单起见,暂时不考虑宽高不同的影像,FOV同时代表水平和垂直方向的视野角度。
上图显示,从摄影机上方显示的几个参数。 forward和right分别是向前和向右的单位向量。
因为视点是固定的,光线的起点不变。要生成光线,只须用取样座标(sx, sy)计算其方向d。留意FOV和s的关系为:tan(fov/2).
把sx从[0, 1]映射到[-1,1],就可以用right向量和s,来计算r向量。
代码实现:
perspectiveCamera.h
perspectiveCamera.cpp
渲染一个球
基本的工具类都准备好之后,我们就可以开始渲染一些东西,这里先把之前定义的球体渲染到窗口之中。
基本的做法是遍历影像的取样座标(sx, sy),用Camera把(sx, sy)转为Ray3,和场景(例如Sphere)计算最近交点,把该交点的属性转为颜色,写入影像的相对位置里。
首先我们来渲染深度,深度(depth)就是从IntersectResult取得最近相交点的距离,因深度的范围是从零至无限,为了把它显示出来,可以把它的一个区间映射到灰阶。这里用[0, maxDepth]映射至[255, 0],即深度0的像素为白色,深度达maxDepth的像素为黑色。
代码实现:
渲染结果
接下来我们来渲染一下交点法向量,法向量是一个单位向量,在计算交点的时候们就将其存储在result.normal中了,其每个元素的范围是[-1, 1]。把单位向量映射到颜色的常用方法为,把(x, y, z)映射至(r, g, b),范围从[-1, 1]映射至[0, 255]。
代码实现:
渲染结果:
球体上方的法向量是接近(0, 1, 0),所以是浅绿色(0.5, 1, 0.5)。
结语
参考:
光线追踪技术的理论和实践(面向对象)-http://blog.csdn.net/zhangci226/article/details/5664313
计算机图形学(第三版)(美)赫恩 著,(美)巴克 著