二手车价格预测--EDA
此处是多变量之间的关系可视化，可视化更多学习可参考很不错的文章
链接: link.
此处是concat的好文章
链接: link.
此处是seaborn.regplot的文档
链接: link.
二、 EDA-数据探索性分析分析
2.1 EDA 目标
- EDA的价值主要在于熟悉数据集，了解数据集，对数据集进行验证来确定所获得数据集可以用于接下来的机器学习或者深度学习使用。
- 当了解了数据集之后我们下一步就是要去了解变量间的相互关系以及变量与预测值之间的存在关系。
- 引导数据科学从业者进行数据处理以及特征工程的步骤,使数据集的结构和特征集让接下来的预测问题更加可靠。
- 完成对于数据的探索性分析，并对于数据进行一些图表或者文字总结并打卡。
2.2 内容介绍
- 载入各种数据科学以及可视化库：
- 数据科学库 pandas、numpy、scipy；
- 可视化库 matplotlib、seabon；
- 其他；
- 载入数据：
- 载入训练集和测试集；
- 简略观察数据(head()+shape)；
- 数据总览:
- 通过describe()来熟悉数据的相关统计量
- 通过info()来熟悉数据类型
- 判断数据缺失和异常:
- 查看每列的存在nan情况
- 异常值检测
- 了解预测值的分布:
- 总体分布概况（无界约翰逊分布等）
- 查看skewness and kurtosis
- 查看预测值的具体频数
- 特征分为类别特征和数字特征，并对类别特征查看unique分布
- 数字特征分析
- 相关性分析
- 查看几个特征得 偏度和峰值
- 每个数字特征得分布可视化
- 数字特征相互之间的关系可视化
- 多变量互相回归关系可视化
- 类型特征分析
- unique分布
- 类别特征箱形图可视化
- 类别特征的小提琴图可视化
- 类别特征的柱形图可视化类别
- 特征的每个类别频数可视化(count_plot)
- 用pandas_profiling生成数据报告
2.3 代码实例
2.3.1 导入函数工具包
- 以下库都是pip install 安装， 有特殊情况我会单独说明
- 例如 pip install pandas -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
在这里插入代码片
## 基础工具
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import warnings
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
from scipy.special import jn
import missingno as msno#缺失值可视化的
from IPython.display import display, clear_output
import time
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
%matplotlib inline
## 模型预测的
from sklearn import linear_model
from sklearn import preprocessing
from sklearn.svm import SVR
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor,GradientBoostingRegressor
## 数据降维处理的
from sklearn.decomposition import PCA,FastICA,FactorAnalysis,SparsePCA
import lightgbm as lgb
import xgboost as xgb
## 参数搜索和评价的
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV,cross_val_score,StratifiedKFold,train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error, mean_absolute_error2.3.2 载入数据：
Train_data = pd.read_csv('F:\\datawhale-datamining\\team-learning-master\\aa\\data\\used_car_train_20200313.csv', sep=' ')
#windows读入数据的方式
Test_data = pd.read_csv('F:\\datawhale-datamining\\team-learning-master\\aa\\data\\used_car_testA_20200313.csv', sep=' ')
print('Train data shape:',Train_data.shape)
print('TestA data shape:',Test_data.shape)
所有特征集均脱敏处理(方便大家观看)
- name - 汽车编码
- regDate - 汽车注册时间
- model - 车型编码
- brand - 品牌
- bodyType - 车身类型
- fuelType - 燃油类型
- gearbox - 变速箱
- power - 汽车功率
- kilometer - 汽车行驶公里
- notRepairedDamage - 汽车有尚未修复的损坏
- regionCode - 看车地区编码
- seller - 销售方
- offerType - 报价类型
- creatDate - 广告发布时间
- price - 汽车价格
- v_0’, ‘v_1’, ‘v_2’, ‘v_3’, ‘v_4’, ‘v_5’, ‘v_6’, ‘v_7’, ‘v_8’, ‘v_9’, ‘v_10’, ‘v_11’, ‘v_12’, ‘v_13’,‘v_14’（根据汽车的评论、标签等大量信息得到的embedding向量）【人工构造 匿名特征】
# 通过.head() 简要浏览读取数据的形式
#Train_data.head()#默认是前五行
#Train_data.tail() #默认是后五行
Train_data.head().append(Train_data.tail())
Train_data.shape
Test_data.head().append(Test_data.tail()) #前五个数据和后五个数据
Test_data.shape #数据size
2.3.3 总览数据概况
-
describe种有每列的统计量，个数count、平均值mean、方差std、最小值min、中位数25% 50% 75% 、以及最大值 看这个信息主要是瞬间掌握数据的大概的范围以及每个值的异常值的判断，比如有的时候会发现999 9999 -1 等值这些其实都是nan的另外一种表达方式，有的时候需要注意下
-
info 通过info来了解数据每列的type，有助于了解是否存在除了nan以外的特殊符号异常
## 通过 .info() 简要可以看到对应一些数据列名，以及NAN缺失信息
Train_data.info()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 150000 entries, 0 to 149999
Data columns (total 31 columns):
SaleID 150000 non-null int64
name 150000 non-null int64
regDate 150000 non-null int64
model 149999 non-null float64
brand 150000 non-null int64
bodyType 145494 non-null float64
fuelType 141320 non-null float64
gearbox 144019 non-null float64
power 150000 non-null int64
kilometer 150000 non-null float64
notRepairedDamage 150000 non-null object
regionCode 150000 non-null int64
seller 150000 non-null int64
offerType 150000 non-null int64
creatDate 150000 non-null int64
price 150000 non-null int64
v_0 150000 non-null float64
v_1 150000 non-null float64
v_2 150000 non-null float64
v_3 150000 non-null float64
v_4 150000 non-null float64
v_5 150000 non-null float64
v_6 150000 non-null float64
v_7 150000 non-null float64
v_8 150000 non-null float64
v_9 150000 non-null float64
v_10 150000 non-null float64
v_11 150000 non-null float64
v_12 150000 non-null float64
v_13 150000 non-null float64
v_14 150000 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(20), int64(10), object(1)
memory usage: 35.5+ MB## 通过 .columns 查看列名
Train_data.columns
Test_data.info()
Test_data.columns
## 通过 .describe() 可以查看数值特征列的一些统计信息
Train_data.describe()
#查看其中一列的数据信息
Train_data.seller.describe()
Test_data.describe()
2.3.4 判断数据缺失和异常
## 1) 查看每列的存在nan的情况
Train_data.isnull().sum()
#### 查看fuelType列的存在nan的情况
Train_data.fuelType.isnull().sum()Test_data.isnull().sum()#### 查看fuelType列的存在nan的情况
Train_data.fuelType.isnull().sum()
#nan可视化
missing = Train_data.isnull().sum()
missing = missing[missing>0]
missing.sort_values(inplace = True)
missing.plot.bar()
通过以上两句可以很直观的了解哪些列存在 “nan”, 并可以把nan的个数打印，主要的目的在于 nan存在的个数是否真的很大，如果很小一般选择填充，如果使用lgb等树模型可以直接空缺，让树自己去优化，但如果nan存在的过多、可以考虑删掉
# 可视化看一下缺省值
# msno.matrix(Train_data.sample(250))
msno.matrix(Train_data.sample(250))
#列的无效nan的简单可视化：
msno.bar(Train_data.sample(1000))
## 2) 查看异常值检测
Train_data.info()<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 150000 entries, 0 to 149999
Data columns (total 31 columns):
SaleID 150000 non-null int64
name 150000 non-null int64
regDate 150000 non-null int64
model 149999 non-null float64
brand 150000 non-null int64
bodyType 145494 non-null float64
fuelType 141320 non-null float64
gearbox 144019 non-null float64
power 150000 non-null int64
kilometer 150000 non-null float64
notRepairedDamage 150000 non-null object
regionCode 150000 non-null int64
seller 150000 non-null int64
offerType 150000 non-null int64
creatDate 150000 non-null int64
price 150000 non-null int64
v_0 150000 non-null float64
v_1 150000 non-null float64
v_2 150000 non-null float64
v_3 150000 non-null float64
v_4 150000 non-null float64
v_5 150000 non-null float64
v_6 150000 non-null float64
v_7 150000 non-null float64
v_8 150000 non-null float64
v_9 150000 non-null float64
v_10 150000 non-null float64
v_11 150000 non-null float64
v_12 150000 non-null float64
v_13 150000 non-null float64
v_14 150000 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(20), int64(10), object(1)
memory usage: 35.5+ MB可以发现除了notRepairedDamage 为object类型其他都为数字 这里我们把他的几个不同的值都进行显示就知道了
Train_data['notRepairedDamage'].value_counts()0.0 111361
- 24324
1.0 14315
Name: notRepairedDamage, dtype: int64
可以看出来‘ - ’也为空缺值，因为很多模型对nan有直接的处理，这里我们先不做处理，先替换成nan
Train_data['notRepairedDamage'].replace('-', np.nan, inplace=True)Train_data['notRepairedDamage'].value_counts()0.0 111361
1.0 14315
Name: notRepairedDamage, dtype: int64
#Train_data.isnull().sum()SaleID 0
name 0
regDate 0
model 1
brand 0
bodyType 4506
fuelType 8680
gearbox 5981
power 0
kilometer 0
notRepairedDamage 24324
regionCode 0
seller 0
offerType 0
creatDate 0
price 0
v_0 0
v_1 0
v_2 0
v_3 0
v_4 0
v_5 0
v_6 0
v_7 0
v_8 0
v_9 0
v_10 0
v_11 0
v_12 0
v_13 0
v_14 0
dtype: int642.3.5 了解预测值的分布
Train_data['price']
Train_data['price'].value_counts()## 1) 总体分布概况（无界约翰逊分布等）
import scipy.stats as st
y = Train_data['price']
plt.figure(1); plt.title('Johnson SU')
sns.distplot(y, kde=False, fit=st.johnsonsu)
plt.figure(2); plt.title('Johnson SB')
sns.distplot(y, kde=False, fit=st.johnsonsb)
plt.figure(3); plt.title('Fisk')
sns.distplot(y, kde=False, fit=st.fisk)
plt.figure(4); plt.title('Log Normal')
sns.distplot(y, kde=False, fit=st.lognorm)
plt.figure(5); plt.title('Normal')
sns.distplot(y, kde=False, fit=st.norm)
价格不服从正态分布，所以在进行回归之前，它必须进行转换。虽然对数正态变换做得很好，但最佳拟合是无界约翰逊分布
## 2) 查看skewness and kurtosis
sns.distplot(Train_data['price']);
print("Skewness: %f" % Train_data['price'].skew())
print("Kurtosis: %f" % Train_data['price'].kurt())
- 偏度skewness和峰度Kurtosis：
- https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/53184516
- https://www.cnblogs.com/wyy1480/p/10474046.html
Train_data.skew(), Train_data.kurt()(SaleID 6.017846e-17
name 5.576058e-01
regDate 2.849508e-02
model 1.484388e+00
brand 1.150760e+00
bodyType 9.915299e-01
fuelType 1.595486e+00
gearbox 1.317514e+00
power 6.586318e+01
kilometer -1.525921e+00
notRepairedDamage 2.430640e+00
regionCode 6.888812e-01
creatDate -7.901331e+01
price 3.346487e+00
v_0 -1.316712e+00
v_1 3.594543e-01
v_2 4.842556e+00
v_3 1.062920e-01
v_4 3.679890e-01
v_5 -4.737094e+00
v_6 3.680730e-01
v_7 5.130233e+00
v_8 2.046133e-01
v_9 4.195007e-01
v_10 2.522046e-02
v_11 3.029146e+00
v_12 3.653576e-01
v_13 2.679152e-01
v_14 -1.186355e+00
dtype: float64, SaleID -1.200000
name -1.039945
regDate -0.697308
model 1.740483
brand 1.076201
bodyType 0.206937
fuelType 5.880049
gearbox -0.264161
power 5733.451054
kilometer 1.141934
notRepairedDamage 3.908072
regionCode -0.340832
creatDate 6881.080328
price 18.995183
v_0 3.993841
v_1 -1.753017
v_2 23.860591
v_3 -0.418006
v_4 -0.197295
v_5 22.934081
v_6 -1.742567
v_7 25.845489
v_8 -0.636225
v_9 -0.321491
v_10 -0.577935
v_11 12.568731
v_12 0.268937
v_13 -0.438274
v_14 2.393526
dtype: float64)sns.distplot(Train_data.skew(),color='blue',axlabel ='Skewness')
sns.distplot(Train_data.kurt(),color='orange',axlabel ='Kurtness')
## 3) 查看预测值的具体频数
plt.hist(Train_data['price'], orientation = 'vertical',histtype = 'bar', color ='red')
plt.show()
查看频数, 大于20000得值极少，其实这里也可以把这些当作特殊得值（异常值）直接用填充或者删掉，再前面进行
# log变换 z之后的分布较均匀，可以进行log变换进行预测，这也是预测问题常用的trick
plt.hist(np.log(Train_data['price']), orientation = 'vertical',histtype = 'bar', color ='red')
plt.show()
2.3.6特征分为类别特征和数字特征，并对类别特征查看unique分布
# 分离label即预测值
Y_train = Train_data['price']
Y_train.head()
# 这个区别方式适用于没有直接label coding的数据
# 这里不适用，需要人为根据实际含义来区分
# 数字特征
# numeric_features = Train_data.select_dtypes(include=[np.number])
# numeric_features.columns
# numerical_cols = Train_data.select_dtypes(exclude ='object').columns
# # 类型特征
# categorical_features = Train_data.select_dtypes(include=[np.object])
# categorical_features.columns
# categorical_cols = Train_data.select_dtypes(include = 'object').columnsnumeric_features = ['power', 'kilometer', 'v_0', 'v_1', 'v_2', 'v_3', 'v_4', 'v_5', 'v_6', 'v_7', 'v_8', 'v_9', 'v_10', 'v_11', 'v_12', 'v_13','v_14' ]
categorical_features = ['name', 'model', 'brand', 'bodyType', 'fuelType', 'gearbox', 'notRepairedDamage', 'regionCode',]# 特征nunique分布
for cat_fea in categorical_features:
print(cat_fea + "的特征分布如下：")
print("{}特征有个{}不同的值".format(cat_fea, Train_data[cat_fea].nunique()))
print(Train_data[cat_fea].value_counts())
# 特征nunique分布
for cat_fea in categorical_features:
print(cat_fea + "的特征分布如下：")
print("{}特征有个{}不同的值".format(cat_fea, Test_data[cat_fea].nunique()))
print(Test_data[cat_fea].value_counts())
2.3.7 数字特征分析
numeric_features.append('price')numeric_features['power',
'kilometer',
'v_0',
'v_1',
'v_2',
'v_3',
'v_4',
'v_5',
'v_6',
'v_7',
'v_8',
'v_9',
'v_10',
'v_11',
'v_12',
'v_13',
'v_14',
'price']Train_data.head()
## 1) 相关性分析
price_numeric = Train_data[numeric_features]
correlation = price_numeric.corr()#分析两两变量的相关性
print(correlation['price'].sort_values(ascending = False),'\n')
print(correlation['v_0'].sort_values(ascending = False),'\n')price 1.000000
v_12 0.692823
v_8 0.685798
v_0 0.628397
power 0.219834
v_5 0.164317
v_2 0.085322
v_6 0.068970
v_1 0.060914
v_14 0.035911
v_13 -0.013993
v_7 -0.053024
v_4 -0.147085
v_9 -0.206205
v_10 -0.246175
v_11 -0.275320
kilometer -0.440519
v_3 -0.730946
Name: price, dtype: float64
v_0 1.000000
v_5 0.726250
price 0.628397
v_8 0.514149
v_12 0.415711
v_1 0.245049
v_6 0.243783
power 0.215028
v_14 -0.039809
v_13 -0.136938
v_9 -0.186243
kilometer -0.225034
v_4 -0.259714
v_2 -0.452591
v_10 -0.582943
v_7 -0.584363
v_11 -0.667809
v_3 -0.710480
Name: v_0, dtype: float64
f , ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (7, 7))
plt.title('Correlation of Numeric Features with Price',y=1,size=16)#这里可以以后直接应用
sns.heatmap(correlation,square = True, vmax=1)
del price_numeric['price'] #删掉价格那一列数据
price_numeric.head()
## 2) 查看几个特征得 偏度和峰值
for col in numeric_features:
print('{:15}'.format(col),
'Skewness: {:05.2f}'.format(Train_data[col].skew()) ,
' ' ,
'Kurtosis: {:06.2f}'.format(Train_data[col].kurt())
)power Skewness: 65.86 Kurtosis: 5733.45
kilometer Skewness: -1.53 Kurtosis: 001.14
v_0 Skewness: -1.32 Kurtosis: 003.99
v_1 Skewness: 00.36 Kurtosis: -01.75
v_2 Skewness: 04.84 Kurtosis: 023.86
v_3 Skewness: 00.11 Kurtosis: -00.42
v_4 Skewness: 00.37 Kurtosis: -00.20
v_5 Skewness: -4.74 Kurtosis: 022.93
v_6 Skewness: 00.37 Kurtosis: -01.74
v_7 Skewness: 05.13 Kurtosis: 025.85
v_8 Skewness: 00.20 Kurtosis: -00.64
v_9 Skewness: 00.42 Kurtosis: -00.32
v_10 Skewness: 00.03 Kurtosis: -00.58
v_11 Skewness: 03.03 Kurtosis: 012.57
v_12 Skewness: 00.37 Kurtosis: 000.27
v_13 Skewness: 00.27 Kurtosis: -00.44
v_14 Skewness: -1.19 Kurtosis: 002.39
price Skewness: 03.35 Kurtosis: 019.00## 3) 每个数字特征得分布可视化
f = pd.melt(Train_data, value_vars=numeric_features)
g = sns.FacetGrid(f, col="variable", col_wrap=2, sharex=False, sharey=False)
g = g.map(sns.distplot, "value")# 可以看出匿名特征相对分布均匀
## 4) 数字特征相互之间的关系可视化
sns.set()
columns = ['price', 'v_12', 'v_8' , 'v_0', 'power', 'v_5', 'v_2', 'v_6', 'v_1', 'v_14']
sns.pairplot(Train_data[columns],size = 2 ,kind ='scatter',diag_kind='kde')
plt.show()
Train_data.columnsIndex(['SaleID', 'name', 'regDate', 'model', 'brand', 'bodyType', 'fuelType',
'gearbox', 'power', 'kilometer', 'notRepairedDamage', 'regionCode',
'creatDate', 'price', 'v_0', 'v_1', 'v_2', 'v_3', 'v_4', 'v_5', 'v_6',
'v_7', 'v_8', 'v_9', 'v_10', 'v_11', 'v_12', 'v_13', 'v_14'],
dtype='object')此处是多变量之间的关系可视化，可视化更多学习可参考很不错的文章
链接: link.
此处是concat的好文章
链接: link.
此处是seaborn.regplot的文档
链接: link.
## 5) 多变量互相回归关系可视化
fig, ((ax1, ax2), (ax3, ax4), (ax5, ax6), (ax7, ax8), (ax9, ax10)) = plt.subplots(nrows=5, ncols=2, figsize=(24, 20))
# ['v_12', 'v_8' , 'v_0', 'power', 'v_5', 'v_2', 'v_6', 'v_1', 'v_14']
v_12_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_12']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_12',y = 'price', data = v_12_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax1)
v_8_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_8']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_8',y = 'price',data = v_8_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax2)
v_0_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_0']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_0',y = 'price',data = v_0_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax3)
power_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['power']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='power',y = 'price',data = power_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax4)
v_5_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_5']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_5',y = 'price',data = v_5_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax5)
v_2_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_2']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_2',y = 'price',data = v_2_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax6)
v_6_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_6']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_6',y = 'price',data = v_6_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax7)
v_1_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_1']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_1',y = 'price',data = v_1_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax8)
v_14_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_14']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_14',y = 'price',data = v_14_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax9)
v_13_scatter_plot = pd.concat([Y_train,Train_data['v_13']],axis = 1)
sns.regplot(x='v_13',y = 'price',data = v_13_scatter_plot,scatter= True, fit_reg=True, ax=ax10)
2.3.8 类别特征分析
## 1) unique分布
for fea in categorical_features:
print('{:15}'.format(fea),
Train_data[fea].nunique())
name 99662
model 248
brand 40
bodyType 8
fuelType 7
gearbox 2
notRepairedDamage 2
regionCode 7905categorical_features['name',
'model',
'brand',
'bodyType',
'fuelType',
'gearbox',
'notRepairedDamage',
'regionCode']## 2) 类别特征箱形图可视化
# 因为 name和 regionCode的类别太稀疏了，这里我们把不稀疏的几类画一下
categorical_features = ['model',
'brand',
'bodyType',
'fuelType',
'gearbox',
'notRepairedDamage']
for c in categorical_features:
Train_data[c] = Train_data[c].astype('category')
if Train_data[c].isnull().any():
Train_data[c] = Train_data[c].cat.add_categories(['MISSING'])
Train_data[c] = Train_data[c].fillna('MISSING')
def boxplot(x, y, **kwargs):
sns.boxplot(x=x, y=y)
x=plt.xticks(rotation=90)
f = pd.melt(Train_data, id_vars=['price'], value_vars=categorical_features)
g = sns.FacetGrid(f, col="variable", col_wrap=2, sharex=False, sharey=False, size=5)#，每行画两个图
g = g.map(boxplot, "value", "price")#
Train_data.columnsIndex(['SaleID', 'name', 'regDate', 'model', 'brand', 'bodyType', 'fuelType',
'gearbox', 'power', 'kilometer', 'notRepairedDamage', 'regionCode',
'creatDate', 'price', 'v_0', 'v_1', 'v_2', 'v_3', 'v_4', 'v_5', 'v_6',
'v_7', 'v_8', 'v_9', 'v_10', 'v_11', 'v_12', 'v_13', 'v_14'],
dtype='object')## 3) 类别特征的小提琴图可视化
catg_list = categorical_features
target = 'price'
for catg in catg_list :
sns.violinplot(x=catg, y=target, data=Train_data)
plt.show()
categorical_features = ['model',
'brand',
'bodyType',
'fuelType',
'gearbox',
'notRepairedDamage']## 4) 类别特征的柱形图可视化
def bar_plot(x, y, **kwargs):
sns.barplot(x=x, y=y)
x=plt.xticks(rotation=90)
f = pd.melt(Train_data, id_vars=['price'], value_vars=categorical_features)
g = sns.FacetGrid(f, col="variable", col_wrap=2, sharex=False, sharey=False, size=5)
g = g.map(bar_plot, "value", "price")
## 5) 类别特征的每个类别频数可视化(count_plot)
def count_plot(x, **kwargs):
sns.countplot(x=x)
x=plt.xticks(rotation=90)
f = pd.melt(Train_data, value_vars=categorical_features)
g = sns.FacetGrid(f, col="variable", col_wrap=2, sharex=False, sharey=False, size=5)
g = g.map(count_plot, "value")
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