散度、梯度、张量相关的数学公式

本文是关于梯度、散度、旋度、张量相关的数学表达式和相关运算。相关的物理意义以后来写。

对相关记号做一下说明：
黑体希腊文表示张量，比如$\tau \text{τ}\tau$;
浅色斜体表示标量，比如$u,v,w$等；
下黑体小罗马字符表示向量，比如$\mathrm{u}\text{u}\mathrm{u},\mathrm{v}\text{v}\mathrm{v},\mathrm{w}\text{w}\mathrm{w}$等；
下黑体大罗马字符表示矩阵，比如$\mathrm{A}\text{A}\mathrm{A},\mathrm{B}\text{B}\mathrm{B},\mathrm{C}\text{C}\mathrm{C}$等。

除此之外，小括号$"()"$内的是标量；中括号$"[]"$内的是向量；大括号 " { } " "\{\}" "{}"内的是张量。

①点积：$$\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}\cdot \mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}=\mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}\cdot \mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k}=\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}\cdot \mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k}=0\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}\cdot \mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}=\mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}\cdot \mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}=\mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k}\cdot \mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k}=1$$

②叉积：
$$\begin{array}{rl}& \mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}\times \mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}=\mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}\times \mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}=\mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k}\times \mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k}=0\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}\times \mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}=\mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k}=-\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}\times \mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}\\ & \mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}\times \mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k}=\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}=-\mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k}\times \mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}\mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k}\times \mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}=\mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}=-\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}\times \mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k}\end{array}$$

有了上面基本的计算式，下面的操作就比较简单理解了：

对标量求梯度变为向量：$$[\nabla s]=\frac{\partial s}{\partial x}\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}+\frac{\partial s}{\partial y}\mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}+\frac{\partial s}{\partial z}\mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k}(\nabla =\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}+\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k})$$
对向量求散度为标量：
$$\begin{array}{rl}(\nabla \cdot \mathrm{v}\text{v}\mathrm{v})& =(\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}+\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k})\cdot (u\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}+v\mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}+w\mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k})\\ & =\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}\end{array}$$
对向量求旋度：
$$\begin{array}{rl}[\nabla \times \mathrm{v}\text{v}\mathrm{v}]& =(\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}+\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k})\times (u\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}+v\mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}+w\mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k})\\ & =\left|\begin{array}{ccc}\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}& \mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}& \mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k}\\ \frac{\partial }{\partial x}& \frac{\partial }{\partial y}& \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\\ u& v& w\end{array}\right|\end{array}$$
以上是基本的运算表达式，下面是几个常用的公式：
$$(\nabla \cdot (\nabla s))={\nabla }^{2}s=\frac{{\partial }^{2}s}{\partial x^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}s}{\partial y^2}+\frac{{\partial }^{2}s}{\partial z^2}$$
$$[\nabla \cdot (\nabla \mathrm{v}\text{v}\mathrm{v})]={\nabla }^2\mathrm{v}\text{v}\mathrm{v}=({\nabla }^{2}u)\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}+({\nabla }^{2}v)\mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}+({\nabla }^{2}w)\mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k}$$
$$\begin{array}{rl}[(\mathrm{v}\text{v}\mathrm{v}\cdot \nabla )\mathrm{v}\text{v}\mathrm{v}]& =(u\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}+v\mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}+w\mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k})\cdot (\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}+\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k})(u\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}+v\mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}+w\mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k})\\ & =(u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+w\frac{\partial w}{\partial z})\mathrm{i}\text{i}\mathrm{i}+(u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+w\frac{\partial w}{\partial z})\mathrm{j}\text{j}\mathrm{j}\\ & +(u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+w\frac{\partial w}{\partial z})\mathrm{k}\text{k}\mathrm{k}\end{array}$$
张量：
{ v v } = ( u i + v j + w k ) ( u i + v j + w k ) = u u i i + u v i j + u w i k + v u j i + v v j j + v w j k + w u k i + w v k j + w w k k = [ u u u v u w v u v v v w w u w v w w ] \begin{aligned} \{\pmb{\mathrm{v}}\pmb{\mathrm{v}}\}&=(u\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+v\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+w\pmb{\mathrm{k}})(u\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+v\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+w\pmb{\mathrm{k}})\\&= uu\pmb{\mathrm{i}}\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+uv\pmb{\mathrm{i}}\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+uw\pmb{\mathrm{i}}\pmb{\mathrm{k}}+vu\pmb{\mathrm{j}}\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+vv\pmb{\mathrm{j}}\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+vw\pmb{\mathrm{j}}\pmb{\mathrm{k}}+wu\pmb{\mathrm{k}}\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+wv\pmb{\mathrm{k}}\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+ww\pmb{\mathrm{k}}\pmb{\mathrm{k}}\\&=\begin{bmatrix} uu&uv&uw\\ vu&vv&vw\\ wu&wv&ww \end{bmatrix} \end{aligned} {vvvvvv}​=(uiii+vj​j​​j+wkkk)(uiii+vj​j​​j+wkkk)=uuiiiiii+uviiij​j​​j+uwiiikkk+vuj​j​​jiii+vvj​j​​jj​j​​j+vwj​j​​jkkk+wukkkiii+wvkkkj​j​​j+wwkkkkkk=⎣⎡​uuvuwu​uvvvwv​uwvwww​⎦⎤​​
对向量求梯度为张量：
{ ∇ v } = ( ∂ ∂ x i + ∂ ∂ y j + ∂ ∂ z k ) ( u i + v j + w k ) = [ ∂ u ∂ x ∂ v ∂ x ∂ w ∂ x ∂ u ∂ y ∂ v ∂ y ∂ w ∂ y ∂ u ∂ z ∂ v ∂ z ∂ w ∂ z ] \begin{aligned} \{\nabla \pmb{\mathrm{v}}\}&=(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\pmb{\mathrm{k}})(u\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+v\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+w\pmb{\mathrm{k}})\\&= \begin{bmatrix} \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}&\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}&\frac{\partial w}{\partial x}\\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}&\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}&\frac{\partial w}{\partial y}\\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial z}&\frac{\partial v}{\partial z}&\frac{\partial w}{\partial z} \end{bmatrix} \end{aligned} {∇vvv}​=(∂x∂​iii+∂y∂​j​j​​j+∂z∂​kkk)(uiii+vj​j​​j+wkkk)=⎣⎡​∂x∂u​∂y∂u​∂z∂u​​∂x∂v​∂y∂v​∂z∂v​​∂x∂w​∂y∂w​∂z∂w​​⎦⎤​​

以上便是这篇文章全部内容，难免有些错误~~~。

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封面图来自网络。