本文是关于梯度、散度、旋度、张量相关的数学表达式和相关运算。相关的物理意义以后来写。
对相关记号做一下说明:
黑体希腊文表示张量,比如
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\pmb{\tau}
τττ;
浅色斜体表示标量,比如
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u,v,w
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下黑体小罗马字符表示向量,比如
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\pmb{\mathrm{u}},\pmb{\mathrm{v}},\pmb{\mathrm{w}}
uuu,vvv,www等;
下黑体大罗马字符表示矩阵,比如
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\pmb{\mathrm{A}},\pmb{\mathrm{B}},\pmb{\mathrm{C}}
AAA,BBB,CCC等。
除此之外,小括号 " ( ) " "()" "()"内的是标量;中括号 " [ ] " "[]" "[]"内的是向量;大括号 " { } " "\{\}" "{}"内的是张量。
①点积: i ⋅ j = j ⋅ k = i ⋅ k = 0 i ⋅ i = j ⋅ j = k ⋅ k = 1 \pmb{\mathrm{i}}\cdot\pmb{\mathrm{j}}=\pmb{\mathrm{j}}\cdot\pmb{\mathrm{k}}=\pmb{\mathrm{i}}\cdot\pmb{\mathrm{k}}=0\qquad\qquad\pmb{\mathrm{i}}\cdot\pmb{\mathrm{i}}=\pmb{\mathrm{j}}\cdot\pmb{\mathrm{j}}=\pmb{\mathrm{k}}\cdot\pmb{\mathrm{k}}=1 iii⋅jjj=jjj⋅kkk=iii⋅kkk=0iii⋅iii=jjj⋅jjj=kkk⋅kkk=1
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\begin{aligned}&\pmb{\mathrm{i}}\times\pmb{\mathrm{i}}=\pmb{\mathrm{j}}\times\pmb{\mathrm{j}}=\pmb{\mathrm{k}}\times\pmb{\mathrm{k}}=0 \qquad\qquad\pmb{\mathrm{i}}\times\pmb{\mathrm{j}}=\pmb{\mathrm{k}}=-\pmb{\mathrm{i}}\times\pmb{\mathrm{j}} \\&\pmb{\mathrm{j}}\times\pmb{\mathrm{k}}=\pmb{\mathrm{i}}=-\pmb{\mathrm{k}}\times\pmb{\mathrm{j}} \qquad\qquad\qquad\quad\pmb{\mathrm{k}}\times\pmb{\mathrm{i}}=\pmb{\mathrm{j}}=-\pmb{\mathrm{i}}\times\pmb{\mathrm{k}}\end{aligned}
iii×iii=jjj×jjj=kkk×kkk=0iii×jjj=kkk=−iii×jjjjjj×kkk=iii=−kkk×jjjkkk×iii=jjj=−iii×kkk
有了上面基本的计算式,下面的操作就比较简单理解了:
对标量求梯度变为向量:
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[\nabla s]=\frac{\partial s}{\partial x}\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+\frac{\partial s}{\partial y}\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+\frac{\partial s}{\partial z}\pmb{\mathrm{k}}\qquad (\nabla =\frac{\partial }{\partial x}\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+\frac{\partial }{\partial y}\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\pmb{\mathrm{k}})
[∇s]=∂x∂siii+∂y∂sjjj+∂z∂skkk(∇=∂x∂iii+∂y∂jjj+∂z∂kkk)
对向量求散度为标量:
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\begin{aligned} (\nabla \cdot\pmb{\mathrm{v}})&=(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\pmb{\mathrm{k}})\cdot(u\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+v\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+w\pmb{\mathrm{k}})\\&=\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial w}{\partial z} \end{aligned}
(∇⋅vvv)=(∂x∂iii+∂y∂jjj+∂z∂kkk)⋅(uiii+vjjj+wkkk)=∂x∂u+∂y∂v+∂z∂w
对向量求旋度:
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\begin{aligned} [\nabla \times\pmb{\mathrm{v}}]&=(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\pmb{\mathrm{k}})\times(u\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+v\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+w\pmb{\mathrm{k}})\\&=\begin{vmatrix} \pmb{\mathrm{i}}&\pmb{\mathrm{j}}&\pmb{\mathrm{k}}\\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x}&\frac{\partial}{\partial y}&\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\\ u&v&w \end{vmatrix} \end{aligned}
[∇×vvv]=(∂x∂iii+∂y∂jjj+∂z∂kkk)×(uiii+vjjj+wkkk)=∣∣∣∣∣∣iii∂x∂ujjj∂y∂vkkk∂z∂w∣∣∣∣∣∣
以上是基本的运算表达式,下面是几个常用的公式:
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(\nabla\cdot(\nabla s))={\nabla}^2s=\frac{\partial^2 s}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial^2 s}{\partial y^2}+\frac{\partial^2 s}{\partial z^2}
(∇⋅(∇s))=∇2s=∂x2∂2s+∂y2∂2s+∂z2∂2s
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[\nabla\cdot(\nabla \pmb{\mathrm{v}})]={\nabla}^2\pmb{\mathrm{v}}=({\nabla}^2u)\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+({\nabla}^2v)\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+({\nabla}^2w)\pmb{\mathrm{k}}
[∇⋅(∇vvv)]=∇2vvv=(∇2u)iii+(∇2v)jjj+(∇2w)kkk
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\begin{aligned}[(\pmb{\mathrm{v}}\cdot\nabla)\pmb{\mathrm{v}}]&=(u\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+v\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+w\pmb{\mathrm{k}})\cdot(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\pmb{\mathrm{k}})(u\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+v\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+w\pmb{\mathrm{k}})\\&=(u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+w\frac{\partial w}{\partial z})\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+(u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+w\frac{\partial w}{\partial z})\pmb{\mathrm{j}}\\&+(u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}+w\frac{\partial w}{\partial z})\pmb{\mathrm{k}}\end{aligned}
[(vvv⋅∇)vvv]=(uiii+vjjj+wkkk)⋅(∂x∂iii+∂y∂jjj+∂z∂kkk)(uiii+vjjj+wkkk)=(u∂x∂u+v∂y∂v+w∂z∂w)iii+(u∂x∂u+v∂y∂v+w∂z∂w)jjj+(u∂x∂u+v∂y∂v+w∂z∂w)kkk
张量:
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\begin{aligned} \{\pmb{\mathrm{v}}\pmb{\mathrm{v}}\}&=(u\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+v\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+w\pmb{\mathrm{k}})(u\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+v\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+w\pmb{\mathrm{k}})\\&= uu\pmb{\mathrm{i}}\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+uv\pmb{\mathrm{i}}\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+uw\pmb{\mathrm{i}}\pmb{\mathrm{k}}+vu\pmb{\mathrm{j}}\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+vv\pmb{\mathrm{j}}\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+vw\pmb{\mathrm{j}}\pmb{\mathrm{k}}+wu\pmb{\mathrm{k}}\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+wv\pmb{\mathrm{k}}\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+ww\pmb{\mathrm{k}}\pmb{\mathrm{k}}\\&=\begin{bmatrix} uu&uv&uw\\ vu&vv&vw\\ wu&wv&ww \end{bmatrix} \end{aligned}
{vvvvvv}=(uiii+vjjj+wkkk)(uiii+vjjj+wkkk)=uuiiiiii+uviiijjj+uwiiikkk+vujjjiii+vvjjjjjj+vwjjjkkk+wukkkiii+wvkkkjjj+wwkkkkkk=⎣⎡uuvuwuuvvvwvuwvwww⎦⎤
对向量求梯度为张量:
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\begin{aligned} \{\nabla \pmb{\mathrm{v}}\}&=(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\pmb{\mathrm{k}})(u\pmb{\mathrm{i}}+v\pmb{\mathrm{j}}+w\pmb{\mathrm{k}})\\&= \begin{bmatrix} \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}&\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}&\frac{\partial w}{\partial x}\\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial y}&\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}&\frac{\partial w}{\partial y}\\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial z}&\frac{\partial v}{\partial z}&\frac{\partial w}{\partial z} \end{bmatrix} \end{aligned}
{∇vvv}=(∂x∂iii+∂y∂jjj+∂z∂kkk)(uiii+vjjj+wkkk)=⎣⎡∂x∂u∂y∂u∂z∂u∂x∂v∂y∂v∂z∂v∂x∂w∂y∂w∂z∂w⎦⎤
以上便是这篇文章全部内容,难免有些错误~~~。
封面图来自网络。