矢量点积与矢量叉乘的微分
在对矢量点积与叉乘的微分公式进行推导之前,我们先看看这两个公式长什么样
矢量点积的微分:
d ( F ⃗ ⋅ x ⃗ ) = x ⃗ d F ⃗ + F ⃗ d x ⃗ (1) d(\vec{F}\cdot \vec{x}) = \vec{x}d\vec{F} + \vec{F}d\vec{x} \tag{1} d(F⋅x)=xdF+Fdx(1)
矢量叉乘的微分:
d ( r ⃗ × p ⃗ ) = d r ⃗ × p ⃗ + r ⃗ × d p ⃗ (2) d(\vec{r} \times \vec{p}) = d \vec{r} \times \vec{p} + \vec{r} \times d\vec{p} \tag{2} d(r×p)=dr×p+r×dp(2)
我们可以发现,其形式与多元函数的全微分形式一致,那么问题来了,为什么点积与叉乘也满足多元函数的链导法则?
首先,我们将矢量写成坐标形式来进行讨论.
对于矢量的点积,设 F ⃗ = ( x 1 , y 1 ) , x ⃗ = ( x 2 , y 2 ) \vec{F} = (x_1,y_1), \vec{x} = (x2,y2) F=(x1,y1),x=(x2,y2),则有
d ( F ⃗ ⋅ x ⃗ ) = d ( x 1 x 2 + y 1 y 2 ) = d ( x 1 x 2 ) + d ( y 1 y 2 ) = x 2 d x 1 + x 1 d x 2 + y 2 d y 1 + y 1 d y 2 = ( x 2 , y 2 ) ( d x 1 , d y 1 ) + ( x 1 , y 1 ) ( d x 2 , d y 2 ) = x ⃗ d F ⃗ + F ⃗ d x ⃗ \begin{aligned}d(\vec{F}\cdot \vec{x}) &= d(x_1x_2 +y_1y_2) = d(x_1x_2) + d(y_1y_2) \\ \\&=x_2dx_1 + x_1dx_2 + y_2dy_1 + y_1dy_2 \\ \\&= (x_2, y_2)(dx_1, dy_1) + (x_1, y_1)(dx_2, dy_2) \\ \\&= \vec{x}d\vec{F} + \vec{F}d\vec{x}\end{aligned} d(F⋅x)=d(x1x2+y1y2)=d(x1x2)+d(y1y2)=x2dx1+x1dx2+y2dy1+y1dy2=(x2,y2)(dx1,dy1)+(x1,y1)(dx2,dy2)=xdF+Fdx
同样,对于矢量的叉乘,设 r ⃗ = ( x 1 , y 1 , z 1 ) , p ⃗ = ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) \vec{r} = (x_1, y_1, z_1), \vec{p} = (x_2, y_2, z_2) r=(x1,y1,z1),p=(x2,y2,z2),则有
r ⃗ × p ⃗ = ∣ i ⃗ j ⃗ k ⃗ x 1 y 1 z 1 x 2 y 2 z 2 ∣ = ∣ y 1 z 1 y 2 z 2 ∣ i ⃗ − ∣ x 1 z 1 x 2 z 2 ∣ j ⃗ + ∣ x 1 y 1 x 2 y 2 ∣ k ⃗ \begin{aligned} \vec{r} \times \vec{p} = \begin{vmatrix} \vec{i} & \vec{j} & \vec{k} \\ x_1 & y_1 & z_1 \\ x_2 & y_2 & z_2 \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} y_1 & z_1 \\ y_2 & z_2 \end{vmatrix} \ \vec{i} - \begin{vmatrix} x_1 & z_1 \\ x_2 & z_2 \end{vmatrix} \ \vec{j} + \begin{vmatrix} x_1 & y_1 \\ x_2 & y_2 \end{vmatrix} \ \vec{k}\end{aligned} r×p=∣∣∣∣∣∣ix