一、多线程不安全方式实现
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public
sealed
class
SingleInstance
{
private
static
SingleInstance instance;
private
SingleInstance() { }
public
static
SingleInstance Instance
{
get
{
if
(
null
== instance)
{
instance =
new
SingleInstance();
}
return
instance;
}
}
}
sealed表示SingleInstance不能被继承。其实构造函数私有化已经达到了这个效果,私有的构造函数不能被继承。为了可读性,可以加个sealed。
不安全的单例指的是在多线程环境下可能有多个线程同时进入if语句,创建了多次单例对象。
二、安全的单例模式
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public
sealed
class
SingleInstance
{
private
static
volatile
SingleInstance instance;
private
static
readonly
object
obj =
new
object
();
private
SingleInstance() { }
public
static
SingleInstance Instance
{
get
{
if
(
null
== instance)
{
lock
(obj)
{
if
(
null
== instance)
{
instance =
new
SingleInstance();
}
}
}
return
instance;
}
}
}
加锁保护,在多线程下可以确保实例值被创建一次。缺点是每次获取单例,都要进行判断,涉及到的锁和解锁比较耗资源。
三、只读属性式
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public
sealed
class
SingleInstance
{
private
static
readonly
SingleInstance instance =
new
SingleInstance();
private
SingleInstance() { }
public
static
SingleInstance Instance
{
get
{
return
instance;
}
}
}
借助readonly属性,instance只被初始化一次,同样达到了单例的效果。在Main函数执行第一句话之前,instance其实已经被赋值了,并不是预期的 只有到访问Instance变量时才创建对象。
如下代码:
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class
Program
{
static
void
Main(
string
[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine(
"Begin"
);
var
temp = SingleInstance.instance; ;
}
}
public
sealed
class
SingleInstance
{
public
static
readonly
SingleInstance instance =
new
SingleInstance();
private
SingleInstance()
{
Console.WriteLine(
"初始化初始化!"
);
}
public
static
SingleInstance Instance
{
get
{
return
instance; }
}
}
输出:
在执行第一句代码之前,实例已经被初始化。
解决方法是在SingleInstance中加上静态构造函数。
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public
sealed
class
SingleInstance
{
public
static
readonly
SingleInstance instance =
new
SingleInstance();
static
SingleInstance() { }
private
SingleInstance()
{
Console.WriteLine(
"初始化初始化!"
);
}
public
static
SingleInstance Instance
{
get
{
return
instance; }
}
}
在运行输出:
四、使用Lazy
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public
sealed
class
SingleInstance
{
private
static
readonly
Lazy<SingleInstance> instance =
new
Lazy<SingleInstance>(() =>
new
SingleInstance());
private
SingleInstance(){}
public
static
SingleInstance Instance
{
get
{
return
instance.Value;
}
}
}
Lazy默认是线程安全的。MSDN描述如下:
Will the lazily initialized object be accessed from more than one thread? If so, the Lazy<T> object might create it on any thread. You can use one of the simple constructors whose default behavior is to create a thread-safe Lazy<T> object, so that only one instance of the lazily instantiated object is created no matter how many threads try to access it. To create a Lazy<T> object that is not thread safe, you must use a constructor that enables you to specify no thread safety.
五、泛型单例
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class
Program
{
static
void
Main(
string
[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine(
"Begin"
);
mySingle.Instance.age = 500;
Console.WriteLine(mySingle.Instance.age);
}
}
public
abstract
class
SingleInstance<T>
{
private
static
readonly
Lazy<T> _instance =
new
Lazy<T>(() =>
{
var
ctors =
typeof
(T).GetConstructors(BindingFlags.Instance| BindingFlags.NonPublic| BindingFlags.Public);
if
(ctors.Count() != 1)
throw
new
InvalidOperationException(String.Format(
"Type {0} must have exactly one constructor."
,
typeof
(T)));
var
ctor = ctors.SingleOrDefault(c => c.GetParameters().Count() == 0 && c.IsPrivate);
if
(ctor ==
null
)
throw
new
InvalidOperationException(String.Format(
"The constructor for {0} must be private and take no parameters."
,
typeof
(T)));
return
(T)ctor.Invoke(
null
);
});
public
static
T Instance
{
get
{
return
_instance.Value;}
}
}
public
class
mySingle : SingleInstance<mySingle>
{
private
mySingle() { }
public
int
age;
}