C++ --- string常用操作

1. String 与char*的区别：

1. string是一个类，char是一个指针
   string 封装了char，管理该字符串，是个char*的容器
2. string封装了很多实用的方法
   如：查找，拷贝，删除，替换，插入等
3. string不需要考虑内存释放和越界问题

2. String和char*的转换：

string转char

string str = "deffre";
//注意：这里要加上 const，否则会有编译警告；
const char* cstr  =  str.c_str();

char* 转string

直接赋值

char* = “ssss”;
string sstr(s);

3.string拼接

4.string 查找和替换

5.string插入和删除

6.string子串操作

返回由pos开始的n个字符串组成的新字符串

string substr(int pos =0, int n = npos) const;

7.代码测试

#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;

//初始化
void test01(){

	string s1; //调用无参构造
	string s2(10, 'a');
	string s3("abcdefg"); 
	string s4(s3); //拷贝构造

	cout << "*********  string init  *********";
	cout << s1 << endl;
	cout << s2 << endl;
	cout << s3 << endl;
	cout << s4 << endl;
	cout << endl;
}

//赋值操作
void test02(){
	
	string s1;
	string s2("appp");
	s1 = "abcdef";
	cout <<endl<< "*********  string copy  *********"<<endl;
	cout << s1 << endl;
	s1 = s2;
	cout << s1 << endl;
	s1 = 'a';
	cout << s1 << endl;

	//成员方法assign
	s1.assign("jkl");
	cout << s1 << endl;
}

//取值操作
void test03(){

	cout << endl << "*********  string []  *********" << endl;
	string s1 = "abcdefg";

	//重载[]操作符
	//如果访问越界就报错了
	for (int i = 0; i < s1.size();i++){
		cout << s1[i] << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;

	//at成员函数
	//如果访问越界，会抛出异常
	for (int i = 0; i < s1.size(); i++){
		cout << s1.at(i) << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;

	//区别：[]方式 如果访问越界，直接挂了
	//at方式 访问越界 抛异常out_of_range

	try{
		//cout << s1[100] << endl;
		cout << s1.at(100)  << endl;
	}
	//能够捕获任何异常的 catch 语句
	catch (...){
		cout << "越界!" << endl;
	}
 
}

//拼接操作
void test04(){
	string s = "abcd";
	string s2 = "1111";
	s += "abcd";
	s += s2;
	cout << endl << "*********  string append  *********" << endl;
	cout << "s = " << s << endl;

	//append 会加到尾部
	string s3 = "2222";
	s2.append(s3);
	cout <<"s2 = "<< s2 << endl;


	string s4 = s2 + s3;
	cout << "s4 = "<< s4 << endl;
}

//查找操作
void test05(){
	
	string s = "abcdefghjfgkl";
	//查找第一次出现的位置
	int pos = s.find("fg");
	cout << endl << "*********  string find  *********" << endl;
	cout << "pos:" << pos << endl;

	//查找最后一次出现的位置
	pos = s.rfind("fg");
	cout << "pos:" << pos << endl;

}

//string替换
void test06(){
	string s = "abcdefg";
	s.replace(3,2,"111");
	cout << endl << "*********  string replace  *********" << endl;
	cout << "string replace test: " << s << endl;
}

//string比较
void test07(){
	
	string s1 = "abcd";
	string s2 = "abce";
	cout << endl << "*********  string compare  *********" << endl;
	if (s1.compare(s2) == 0){
		cout << "字符串相等!" << endl;
	}
	else{
		cout << "字符串不相等!" << endl;
	}

}

//子串操作
void test08(){
		
	string s = "abcdefg";
	string mysubstr = s.substr(1, 7);
	cout << endl << "*********  string substr  *********" << endl;
	cout << mysubstr << endl;
}

//插入和删除
void test09(){
	cout << endl << "*********  string insert and delete  *********" << endl;
	string s = "abcdefg";
	s.insert(3,"222");
	cout << s << endl;

	string ss = "kkk";
	s.insert(3, ss);
	cout << s << endl;

	s.erase(0, 2);
	cout << s << endl;
}

int main(void){	
	test01();
	test02();
	test03();
	test04();
	test05();
	test06();
	test07();
	test08();
	test09();
	return 0;
}

程序运行结果：