Python之精心整理的二十五个文本提取及NLP相关的处理案例

一、提取 PDF 内容

# pip install PyPDF2  安装 PyPDF2
import PyPDF2
from PyPDF2 import PdfFileReader
 
# Creating a pdf file object.
pdf = open("test.pdf", "rb")
 
# Creating pdf reader object.
pdf_reader = PyPDF2.PdfFileReader(pdf)
 
# Checking total number of pages in a pdf file.
print("Total number of Pages:", pdf_reader.numPages)
 
# Creating a page object.
page = pdf_reader.getPage(200)
 
# Extract data from a specific page number.
print(page.extractText())
 
# Closing the object.
pdf.close()

二、提取 Word 内容

# pip install python-docx  安装 python-docx

import docx

def main():
    try:
        doc = docx.Document('test.docx')  # Creating word reader object.
        data = ""
        fullText = []
        for para in doc.paragraphs:
            fullText.append(para.text)
            data = '\n'.join(fullText)
 
        print(data)
 
    except IOError:
        print('There was an error opening the file!')
        return
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

三、提取 Web 网页内容

# pip install bs4  安装 bs4

from urllib.request import Request, urlopen
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
req = Request('http://www.cmegroup.com/trading/products/#sortField=oi&sortAsc=false&venues=3&page=1&cleared=1&group=1',
              headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'})
 
webpage = urlopen(req).read()
 
# Parsing
soup = BeautifulSoup(webpage, 'html.parser')
 
# Formating the parsed html file
strhtm = soup.prettify()
 
# Print first 500 lines
print(strhtm[:500])
 
# Extract meta tag value
print(soup.title.string)
print(soup.find('meta', attrs={'property':'og:description'}))
 
# Extract anchor tag value
for x in soup.find_all('a'):
    print(x.string)
 
# Extract Paragraph tag value    
for x in soup.find_all('p'):
    print(x.text)

四、读取 Json 数据

import requests
import json

r = requests.get("https://support.oneskyapp.com/hc/en-us/article_attachments/202761727/example_2.json")
res = r.json()

# Extract specific node content.
print(res['quiz']['sport'])

# Dump data as string
data = json.dumps(res)
print(data)

五、读取 CSV 数据

import csv

with open('test.csv','r') as csv_file:
    reader =csv.reader(csv_file)
    next(reader) # Skip first row
    for row in reader:
        print(row)

六、删除字符串中的标点符号

import re
import string
 
data = "Stuning even for the non-gamer: This sound track was beautiful!\
It paints the senery in your mind so well I would recomend\
it even to people who hate vid. game music! I have played the game Chrono \
Cross but out of all of the games I have ever played it has the best music! \
It backs away from crude keyboarding and takes a fresher step with grate\
guitars and soulful orchestras.\
It would impress anyone who cares to listen!"
 
# Methood 1 : Regex
# Remove the special charaters from the read string.
no_specials_string = re.sub('[!#?,.:";]', '', data)
print(no_specials_string)
 
 
# Methood 2 : translate()
# Rake translator object
translator = str.maketrans('', '', string.punctuation)
data = data.translate(translator)
print(data)

七、使用 NLTK 删除停用词

from nltk.corpus import stopwords
 
data = ['Stuning even for the non-gamer: This sound track was beautiful!\
It paints the senery in your mind so well I would recomend\
it even to people who hate vid. game music! I have played the game Chrono \
Cross but out of all of the games I have ever played it has the best music! \
It backs away from crude keyboarding and takes a fresher step with grate\
guitars and soulful orchestras.\
It would impress anyone who cares to listen!']
 
# Remove stop words
stopwords = set(stopwords.words('english'))
 
output = []
for sentence in data:
    temp_list = []
    for word in sentence.split():
        if word.lower() not in stopwords:
            temp_list.append(word)
    output.append(' '.join(temp_list))
 
print(output)

八、使用 TextBlob 更正拼写

from textblob import TextBlob

data = "Natural language is a cantral part of our day to day life, and it's so antresting to work on any problem related to langages."

output = TextBlob(data).correct()
print(output)

九、使用 NLTK 和 TextBlob 的词标记化

import nltk
from textblob import TextBlob

data = "Natural language is a central part of our day to day life, and it's so interesting to work on any problem related to languages."

nltk_output = nltk.word_tokenize(data)
textblob_output = TextBlob(data).words

print(nltk_output)
print(textblob_output)

• 执行结果：

['Natural', 'language', 'is', 'a', 'central', 'part', 'of', 'our', 'day', 'to', 'day', 'life', ',', 'and', 'it', "'s", 'so', 'interesting', 'to', 'work', 'on', 'any', 'problem', 'related', 'to', 'languages', '.']
['Natural', 'language', 'is', 'a', 'central', 'part', 'of', 'our', 'day', 'to', 'day', 'life', 'and', 'it', "'s", 'so', 'interesting', 'to', 'work', 'on', 'any', 'problem', 'related', 'to', 'languages']

十、使用 NLTK 提取句子单词或短语的词干列表

from nltk.stem import PorterStemmer
 
st = PorterStemmer()
text = ['Where did he learn to dance like that?',
        'His eyes were dancing with humor.',
        'She shook her head and danced away',
        'Alex was an excellent dancer.']
 
output = []
for sentence in text:
    output.append(" ".join([st.stem(i) for i in sentence.split()]))
 
for item in output:
    print(item)
 
print("-" * 50)
print(st.stem('jumping'), st.stem('jumps'), st.stem('jumped'))

• 执行结果：

where did he learn to danc like that?
hi eye were danc with humor.
she shook her head and danc away
alex wa an excel dancer.
--------------------------------------------------
jump jump jump

十一、使用 NLTK 进行句子或短语词形还原

from nltk.stem import WordNetLemmatizer

wnl = WordNetLemmatizer()
text = ['She gripped the armrest as he passed two cars at a time.',
        'Her car was in full view.',
        'A number of cars carried out of state license plates.']

output = []
for sentence in text:
    output.append(" ".join([wnl.lemmatize(i) for i in sentence.split()]))

for item in output:
    print(item)

print("*" * 10)
print(wnl.lemmatize('jumps', 'n'))
print(wnl.lemmatize('jumping', 'v'))
print(wnl.lemmatize('jumped', 'v'))

print("*" * 10)
print(wnl.lemmatize('saddest', 'a'))
print(wnl.lemmatize('happiest', 'a'))
print(wnl.lemmatize('easiest', 'a'))

• 执行结果：

She gripped the armrest a he passed two car at a time.
Her car wa in full view.
A number of car carried out of state license plates.
**********
jump
jump
jump
**********
sad
happy
easy

十二、使用 NLTK 从文本文件中查找每个单词的频率

import nltk
from nltk.corpus import webtext
from nltk.probability import FreqDist
 
nltk.download('webtext')
wt_words = webtext.words('testing.txt')
data_analysis = nltk.FreqDist(wt_words)
 
# Let's take the specific words only if their frequency is greater than 3.
filter_words = dict([(m, n) for m, n in data_analysis.items() if len(m) > 3])
 
for key in sorted(filter_words):
    print("%s: %s" % (key, filter_words[key]))
 
data_analysis = nltk.FreqDist(filter_words)
 
data_analysis.plot(25, cumulative=False)

• 执行结果：

[nltk_data] Downloading package webtext to
[nltk_data] C:\Users\amit\AppData\Roaming\nltk_data...
[nltk_data] Unzipping corpora\webtext.zip.
1989: 1
Accessing: 1
Analysis: 1
Anyone: 1
Chapter: 1
Coding: 1
Data: 1
...

十三、从语料库中创建词云

import nltk
from nltk.corpus import webtext
from nltk.probability import FreqDist
from wordcloud import WordCloud
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
nltk.download('webtext')
wt_words = webtext.words('testing.txt')  # Sample data
data_analysis = nltk.FreqDist(wt_words)
 
filter_words = dict([(m, n) for m, n in data_analysis.items() if len(m) > 3])
 
wcloud = WordCloud().generate_from_frequencies(filter_words)
 
# Plotting the wordcloud
plt.imshow(wcloud, interpolation="bilinear")
 
plt.axis("off")
(-0.5, 399.5, 199.5, -0.5)
plt.show()

十四、NLTK 词法散布图

import nltk
from nltk.corpus import webtext
from nltk.probability import FreqDist
from wordcloud import WordCloud
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
words = ['data', 'science', 'dataset']
 
nltk.download('webtext')
wt_words = webtext.words('testing.txt')  # Sample data
 
points = [(x, y) for x in range(len(wt_words))
          for y in range(len(words)) if wt_words[x] == words[y]]
 
if points:
    x, y = zip(*points)
else:
    x = y = ()
 
plt.plot(x, y, "rx", scalex=.1)
plt.yticks(range(len(words)), words, color="b")
plt.ylim(-1, len(words))
plt.title("Lexical Dispersion Plot")
plt.xlabel("Word Offset")
plt.show()

十五、使用 countvectorizer 将文本转换为数字

import pandas as pd
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
 
# Sample data for analysis
data1 = "Java is a language for programming that develops a software for several platforms. A compiled code or bytecode on Java application can run on most of the operating systems including Linux, Mac operating system, and Linux. Most of the syntax of Java is derived from the C++ and C languages."
data2 = "Python supports multiple programming paradigms and comes up with a large standard library, paradigms included are object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural."
data3 = "Go is typed statically compiled language. It was created by Robert Griesemer, Ken Thompson, and Rob Pike in 2009. This language offers garbage collection, concurrency of CSP-style, memory safety, and structural typing."
 
df1 = pd.DataFrame({'Java': [data1], 'Python': [data2], 'Go': [data2]})
 
# Initialize
vectorizer = CountVectorizer()
doc_vec = vectorizer.fit_transform(df1.iloc[0])
 
# Create dataFrame
df2 = pd.DataFrame(doc_vec.toarray().transpose(),
                   index=vectorizer.get_feature_names())
 
# Change column headers
df2.columns = df1.columns
print(df2)

• 执行结果：

             Go  Java  Python
and           2     2       2
application   0     1       0
are           1     0       1
bytecode      0     1       0
can           0     1       0
code          0     1       0
comes         1     0       1
compiled      0     1       0
derived       0     1       0
develops      0     1       0
for           0     2       0
from          0     1       0
functional    1     0       1
imperative    1     0       1
...

十六、使用 TF-IDF 创建文档术语矩阵

import pandas as pd
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer

# Sample data for analysis
data1 = "Java is a language for programming that develops a software for several platforms. A compiled code or bytecode on Java application can run on most of the operating systems including Linux, Mac operating system, and Linux. Most of the syntax of Java is derived from the C++ and C languages."
data2 = "Python supports multiple programming paradigms and comes up with a large standard library, paradigms included are object-oriented, imperative, functional and procedural."
data3 = "Go is typed statically compiled language. It was created by Robert Griesemer, Ken Thompson, and Rob Pike in 2009. This language offers garbage collection, concurrency of CSP-style, memory safety, and structural typing."

df1 = pd.DataFrame({'Java': [data1], 'Python': [data2], 'Go': [data2]})

# Initialize
vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer()
doc_vec = vectorizer.fit_transform(df1.iloc[0])

# Create dataFrame
df2 = pd.DataFrame(doc_vec.toarray().transpose(),
                   index=vectorizer.get_feature_names())

# Change column headers
df2.columns = df1.columns
print(df2)

• 执行结果：

                 Go      Java    Python
and          0.323751  0.137553  0.323751
application  0.000000  0.116449  0.000000
are          0.208444  0.000000  0.208444
bytecode     0.000000  0.116449  0.000000
can          0.000000  0.116449  0.000000
code         0.000000  0.116449  0.000000
comes        0.208444  0.000000  0.208444
compiled     0.000000  0.116449  0.000000
derived      0.000000  0.116449  0.000000
develops     0.000000  0.116449  0.000000
for          0.000000  0.232898  0.000000
...

十七、为给定句子生成 N-gram

• NLTK：

import nltk
from nltk.util import ngrams

# Function to generate n-grams from sentences.
def extract_ngrams(data, num):
    n_grams = ngrams(nltk.word_tokenize(data), num)
    return [ ' '.join(grams) for grams in n_grams]

data = 'A class is a blueprint for the object.'

print("1-gram: ", extract_ngrams(data, 1))
print("2-gram: ", extract_ngrams(data, 2))
print("3-gram: ", extract_ngrams(data, 3))
print("4-gram: ", extract_ngrams(data, 4))

• TextBlob：

from textblob import TextBlob
 
# Function to generate n-grams from sentences.
def extract_ngrams(data, num):
    n_grams = TextBlob(data).ngrams(num)
    return [ ' '.join(grams) for grams in n_grams]
 
data = 'A class is a blueprint for the object.'
 
print("1-gram: ", extract_ngrams(data, 1))
print("2-gram: ", extract_ngrams(data, 2))
print("3-gram: ", extract_ngrams(data, 3))
print("4-gram: ", extract_ngrams(data, 4))

• 执行结果：

1-gram:  ['A', 'class', 'is', 'a', 'blueprint', 'for', 'the', 'object']
2-gram:  ['A class', 'class is', 'is a', 'a blueprint', 'blueprint for', 'for the', 'the object']
3-gram:  ['A class is', 'class is a', 'is a blueprint', 'a blueprint for', 'blueprint for the', 'for the object']
4-gram:  ['A class is a', 'class is a blueprint', 'is a blueprint for', 'a blueprint for the', 'blueprint for the object']

十八、使用带有二元组的 sklearn CountVectorize 词汇规范

import pandas as pd
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
 
# Sample data for analysis
data1 = "Machine language is a low-level programming language. It is easily understood by computers but difficult to read by people. This is why people use higher level programming languages. Programs written in high-level languages are also either compiled and/or interpreted into machine language so that computers can execute them."
data2 = "Assembly language is a representation of machine language. In other words, each assembly language instruction translates to a machine language instruction. Though assembly language statements are readable, the statements are still low-level. A disadvantage of assembly language is that it is not portable, because each platform comes with a particular Assembly Language"
 
df1 = pd.DataFrame({'Machine': [data1], 'Assembly': [data2]})
 
# Initialize
vectorizer = CountVectorizer(ngram_range=(2, 2))
doc_vec = vectorizer.fit_transform(df1.iloc[0])
 
# Create dataFrame
df2 = pd.DataFrame(doc_vec.toarray().transpose(),
                   index=vectorizer.get_feature_names())
 
# Change column headers
df2.columns = df1.columns
print(df2)

• 执行结果：

                       Assembly  Machine
also either                    0        1
and or                         0        1
are also                       0        1
are readable                   1        0
are still                      1        0
assembly language              5        0
because each                   1        0
but difficult                  0        1
by computers                   0        1
by people                      0        1
can execute                    0        1
...

十九、使用 TextBlob 提取名词短语

from textblob import TextBlob

#Extract noun
blob = TextBlob("Canada is a country in the northern part of North America.")

for nouns in blob.noun_phrases:
    print(nouns)

• 执行结果：

canada
northern part
america

二十、如何计算词-词共现矩阵

import numpy as np
import nltk
from nltk import bigrams
import itertools
import pandas as pd
 
 
def generate_co_occurrence_matrix(corpus):
    vocab = set(corpus)
    vocab = list(vocab)
    vocab_index = {word: i for i, word in enumerate(vocab)}
 
    # Create bigrams from all words in corpus
    bi_grams = list(bigrams(corpus))
 
    # Frequency distribution of bigrams ((word1, word2), num_occurrences)
    bigram_freq = nltk.FreqDist(bi_grams).most_common(len(bi_grams))
 
    # Initialise co-occurrence matrix
    # co_occurrence_matrix[current][previous]
    co_occurrence_matrix = np.zeros((len(vocab), len(vocab)))
 
    # Loop through the bigrams taking the current and previous word,
    # and the number of occurrences of the bigram.
    for bigram in bigram_freq:
        current = bigram[0][1]
        previous = bigram[0][0]
        count = bigram[1]
        pos_current = vocab_index[current]
        pos_previous = vocab_index[previous]
        co_occurrence_matrix[pos_current][pos_previous] = count
    co_occurrence_matrix = np.matrix(co_occurrence_matrix)
 
    # return the matrix and the index
    return co_occurrence_matrix, vocab_index
 
 
text_data = [['Where', 'Python', 'is', 'used'],
             ['What', 'is', 'Python' 'used', 'in'],
             ['Why', 'Python', 'is', 'best'],
             ['What', 'companies', 'use', 'Python']]
 
# Create one list using many lists
data = list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(text_data))
matrix, vocab_index = generate_co_occurrence_matrix(data)
 
data_matrix = pd.DataFrame(matrix, index=vocab_index,
                             columns=vocab_index)
print(data_matrix)

• 执行结果：

  best  use  What  Where  ...    in   is  Python  used
best         0.0  0.0   0.0    0.0  ...   0.0  0.0     0.0   1.0
use          0.0  0.0   0.0    0.0  ...   0.0  1.0     0.0   0.0
What         1.0  0.0   0.0    0.0  ...   0.0  0.0     0.0   0.0
Where        0.0  0.0   0.0    0.0  ...   0.0  0.0     0.0   0.0
Pythonused   0.0  0.0   0.0    0.0  ...   0.0  0.0     0.0   1.0
Why          0.0  0.0   0.0    0.0  ...   0.0  0.0     0.0   1.0
companies    0.0  1.0   0.0    1.0  ...   1.0  0.0     0.0   0.0
in           0.0  0.0   0.0    0.0  ...   0.0  0.0     1.0   0.0
is           0.0  0.0   1.0    0.0  ...   0.0  0.0     0.0   0.0
Python       0.0  0.0   0.0    0.0  ...   0.0  0.0     0.0   0.0
used         0.0  0.0   1.0    0.0  ...   0.0  0.0     0.0   0.0
 
[11 rows x 11 columns]

二十一、使用 TextBlob 进行情感分析

from textblob import TextBlob

def sentiment(polarity):
    if blob.sentiment.polarity < 0:
        print("Negative")
    elif blob.sentiment.polarity > 0:
        print("Positive")
    else:
        print("Neutral")


blob = TextBlob("The movie was excellent!")
print(blob.sentiment)
sentiment(blob.sentiment.polarity)

blob = TextBlob("The movie was not bad.")
print(blob.sentiment)
sentiment(blob.sentiment.polarity)

blob = TextBlob("The movie was ridiculous.")
print(blob.sentiment)
sentiment(blob.sentiment.polarity)

• 执行结果：

Sentiment(polarity=1.0, subjectivity=1.0)
Positive
Sentiment(polarity=0.3499999999999999, subjectivity=0.6666666666666666)
Positive
Sentiment(polarity=-0.3333333333333333, subjectivity=1.0)
Negative

二十二、使用 Goslate 进行语言翻译

import goslate

text = "Comment vas-tu?"

gs = goslate.Goslate()

translatedText = gs.translate(text, 'en')
print(translatedText)

translatedText = gs.translate(text, 'zh')
print(translatedText)

translatedText = gs.translate(text, 'de')
print(translatedText)

二十三、使用 TextBlob 进行语言检测和翻译

from textblob import TextBlob
 
blob = TextBlob("Comment vas-tu?")
 
print(blob.detect_language())
 
print(blob.translate(to='es'))
print(blob.translate(to='en'))
print(blob.translate(to='zh'))

• 执行结果：

fr
¿Como estas tu?
How are you?
你好吗？

二十四、使用 TextBlob 获取定义和同义词

from textblob import TextBlob
from textblob import Word
 
text_word = Word('safe')
 
print(text_word.definitions)
 
synonyms = set()
for synset in text_word.synsets:
    for lemma in synset.lemmas():
        synonyms.add(lemma.name())
         
print(synonyms)

• 执行结果：

['strongbox where valuables can be safely kept', 'a ventilated or refrigerated cupboard for securing provisions from pests', 'contraceptive device consisting of a sheath of thin rubber or latex that is worn over the penis during intercourse', 'free from danger or the risk of harm', '(of an undertaking) secure from risk', 'having reached a base without being put out', 'financially sound']
{'secure', 'rubber', 'good', 'safety', 'safe', 'dependable', 'condom', 'prophylactic'}

二十五、使用 TextBlob 获取反义词列表

from textblob import TextBlob
from textblob import Word

text_word = Word('safe')

antonyms = set()
for synset in text_word.synsets:
    for lemma in synset.lemmas():        
        if lemma.antonyms():
            antonyms.add(lemma.antonyms()[0].name())        

print(antonyms)

• 执行结果：

{'dangerous', 'out'}