一、Nuttx的启动
系统启动后的第一条代码即入口
1.1 入口
PX4使用的是STM32，入口自然就在stm32_start.c中：
void __start(void)
{
const uint32_t *src;
uint32_t *dest;
#ifdef CONFIG_ARMV7M_STACKCHECK
/* Set the stack limit before we attempt to call any functions */
__asm__ volatile ("sub r10, sp, %0" : : "r" (CONFIG_IDLETHREAD_STACKSIZE - 64) : );
#endif
/* Configure the uart so that we can get debug output as soon as possible */
stm32_clockconfig();
stm32_fpuconfig();
stm32_lowsetup();
stm32_gpioinit();
showprogress('A');
/* Clear .bss. We'll do this inline (vs. calling memset) just to be
* certain that there are no issues with the state of global variables.
*/
for (dest = &_sbss; dest < &_ebss; )
{
*dest++ = 0;
}
showprogress('B');
/* Move the intialized data section from his temporary holding spot in
* FLASH into the correct place in SRAM. The correct place in SRAM is
* give by _sdata and _edata. The temporary location is in FLASH at the
* end of all of the other read-only data (.text, .rodata) at _eronly.
*/
for (src = &_eronly, dest = &_sdata; dest < &_edata; )
{
*dest++ = *src++;
}
showprogress('C');
/* Perform early serial initialization */
#ifdef USE_EARLYSERIALINIT
up_earlyserialinit();
#endif
showprogress('D');
/* For the case of the separate user-/kernel-space build, perform whatever
* platform specific initialization of the user memory is required.
* Normally this just means initializing the user space .data and .bss
* segments.
*/
#ifdef CONFIG_NUTTX_KERNEL
stm32_userspace();
showprogress('E');
#endif
/* Initialize onboard resources */
stm32_boardinitialize();
showprogress('F');
/* Then start NuttX */
showprogress('\r');
showprogress('\n');
os_start();
/* Shoulnd't get here */
for(;;);
}我们可以先通过注释大概了解这里都做了哪些事情。在这之前还有一个程序在跑：bootloader。这个不是我们今天讨论的话题。在最后我们看到调用了一个os_start()函数也就是接下来系统将启动，对应的源文件是os_start.c：
void os_start(void)
{
int i;
slldbg("Entry\n");
/* Initialize RTOS Data ***************************************************/
/* Initialize all task lists */
dq_init(&g_readytorun);
dq_init(&g_pendingtasks);
dq_init(&g_waitingforsemaphore);
#ifndef CONFIG_DISABLE_SIGNALS
dq_init(&g_waitingforsignal);
#endif
#ifndef CONFIG_DISABLE_MQUEUE
dq_init(&g_waitingformqnotfull);
dq_init(&g_waitingformqnotempty);
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_PAGING
dq_init(&g_waitingforfill);
#endif
dq_init(&g_inactivetasks);
sq_init(&g_delayed_kufree);
#if defined(CONFIG_NUTTX_KERNEL) && defined(CONFIG_MM_KERNEL_HEAP)
sq_init(&g_delayed_kfree);
#endif
/* Initialize the logic that determine unique process IDs. */
g_lastpid = 0;
for (i = 0; i < CONFIG_MAX_TASKS; i++)
{
g_pidhash[i].tcb = NULL;
g_pidhash[i].pid = INVALID_PROCESS_ID;
}
/* Assign the process ID of ZERO to the idle task */
g_pidhash[ PIDHASH(0)].tcb = &g_idletcb.cmn;
g_pidhash[ PIDHASH(0)].pid = 0;
/* Initialize the IDLE task TCB *******************************************/
/* Initialize a TCB for this thread of execution. NOTE: The default
* value for most components of the g_idletcb are zero. The entire
* structure is set to zero. Then only the (potentially) non-zero
* elements are initialized. NOTE: The idle task is the only task in
* that has pid == 0 and sched_priority == 0.
*/
bzero((void*)&g_idletcb, sizeof(struct task_tcb_s));
g_idletcb.cmn.task_state = TSTATE_TASK_RUNNING;
g_idletcb.cmn.entry.main = (main_t)os_start;
/* Set the IDLE task name */
#if CONFIG_TASK_NAME_SIZE > 0
strncpy(g_idletcb.cmn.name, g_idlename, CONFIG_TASK_NAME_SIZE-1);
#endif /* CONFIG_TASK_NAME_SIZE */
/* Configure the task name in the argument list. The IDLE task does
* not really have an argument list, but this name is still useful
* for things like the NSH PS command.
*
* In the kernel mode build, the arguments are saved on the task's stack
* and there is no support that yet.
*/
#if defined(CONFIG_CUSTOM_STACK) || !defined(CONFIG_NUTTX_KERNEL)
#if CONFIG_TASK_NAME_SIZE > 0
g_idletcb.argv[0] = g_idletcb.cmn.name;
#else
g_idletcb.argv[0] = (char*)g_idlename;
#endif /* CONFIG_TASK_NAME_SIZE */
#endif /* CONFIG_CUSTOM_STACK || !CONFIG_NUTTX_KERNEL */
/* Then add the idle task's TCB to the head of the ready to run list */
dq_addfirst((FAR dq_entry_t*)&g_idletcb, (FAR dq_queue_t*)&g_readytorun);
/* Initialize the processor-specific portion of the TCB */
up_initial_state(&g_idletcb.cmn);
/* Initialize RTOS facilities *********************************************/
/* Initialize the semaphore facility(if in link). This has to be done
* very early because many subsystems depend upon fully functional
* semaphores.
*/
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_WEAKFUNCTIONS
if (sem_initialize != NULL)
#endif
{
sem_initialize();
}
/* Initialize the memory manager */
{
FAR void *heap_start;
size_t heap_size;
/* Get the user-mode heap from the platform specific code and configure
* the user-mode memory allocator.
*/
up_allocate_heap(&heap_start, &heap_size);
kumm_initialize(heap_start, heap_size);
#if defined(CONFIG_NUTTX_KERNEL) && defined(CONFIG_MM_KERNEL_HEAP)
/* Get the kernel-mode heap from the platform specific code and configure
* the kernel-mode memory allocator.
*/
up_allocate_kheap(&heap_start, &heap_size);
kmm_initialize(heap_start, heap_size);
#endif
}
/* Initialize tasking data structures */
#if defined(CONFIG_SCHED_HAVE_PARENT) && defined(CONFIG_SCHED_CHILD_STATUS)
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_WEAKFUNCTIONS
if (task_initialize != NULL)
#endif
{
task_initialize();
}
#endif
/* Initialize the interrupt handling subsystem (if included) */
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_WEAKFUNCTIONS
if (irq_initialize != NULL)
#endif
{
irq_initialize();
}
/* Initialize the watchdog facility (if included in the link) */
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_WEAKFUNCTIONS
if (wd_initialize != NULL)
#endif
{
wd_initialize();
}
/* Initialize the POSIX timer facility (if included in the link) */
#ifndef CONFIG_DISABLE_CLOCK
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_WEAKFUNCTIONS
if (clock_initialize != NULL)
#endif
{
clock_initialize();
}
#endif
#ifndef CONFIG_DISABLE_POSIX_TIMERS
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_WEAKFUNCTIONS
if (timer_initialize != NULL)
#endif
{
timer_initialize();
}
#endif
/* Initialize the signal facility (if in link) */
#ifndef CONFIG_DISABLE_SIGNALS
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_WEAKFUNCTIONS
if (sig_initialize != NULL)
#endif
{
sig_initialize();
}
#endif
/* Initialize the named message queue facility (if in link) */
#ifndef CONFIG_DISABLE_MQUEUE
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_WEAKFUNCTIONS
if (mq_initialize != NULL)
#endif
{
mq_initialize();
}
#endif
/* Initialize the thread-specific data facility (if in link) */
#ifndef CONFIG_DISABLE_PTHREAD
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_WEAKFUNCTIONS
if (pthread_initialize != NULL)
#endif
{
pthread_initialize();
}
#endif
/* Initialize the file system (needed to support device drivers) */
#if CONFIG_NFILE_DESCRIPTORS > 0
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_WEAKFUNCTIONS
if (fs_initialize != NULL)
#endif
{
fs_initialize();
}
#endif
/* Initialize the network system */
#ifdef CONFIG_NET
#if 0
if (net_initialize != NULL)
#endif
{
net_initialize();
}
#endif
/* The processor specific details of running the operating system
* will be handled here. Such things as setting up interrupt
* service routines and starting the clock are some of the things
* that are different for each processor and hardware platform.
*/
up_initialize();
/* Initialize the C libraries (if included in the link). This
* is done last because the libraries may depend on the above.
*/
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_WEAKFUNCTIONS
if (lib_initialize != NULL)
#endif
{
lib_initialize();
}
/* IDLE Group Initialization **********************************************/
/* Allocate the IDLE group and suppress child status. */
#ifdef HAVE_TASK_GROUP
DEBUGVERIFY(group_allocate(&g_idletcb));
#endif
/* Create stdout, stderr, stdin on the IDLE task. These will be
* inherited by all of the threads created by the IDLE task.
*/
DEBUGVERIFY(group_setupidlefiles(&g_idletcb));
/* Complete initialization of the IDLE group. Suppress retention
* of child status in the IDLE group.
*/
#ifdef HAVE_TASK_GROUP
DEBUGVERIFY(group_initialize(&g_idletcb));
g_idletcb.cmn.group->tg_flags = GROUP_FLAG_NOCLDWAIT;
#endif
/* Bring Up the System ****************************************************/
/* Create initial tasks and bring-up the system */
DEBUGVERIFY(os_bringup());
/* The IDLELoop**********************************************************/
/* When control is return to this point, the system is idle. */
sdbg("Beginning Idle Loop\n");
for (;;)
{
/* Perform garbage collection (if it is not being done by the worker
* thread). This cleans-up memory de-allocations that were queued
* because they could not be freed in that execution context (for
* example, if the memory was freed from an interrupt handler).
*/
#ifndef CONFIG_SCHED_WORKQUEUE
/* We must have exclusive access to the memory manager to do this
* BUT the idle task cannot wait on a semaphore. So we only do
* the cleanup now if we can get the semaphore -- this should be
* possible because if the IDLE thread is running, no other task is!
*/
if (kmm_trysemaphore() == 0)
{
sched_garbagecollection();
kmm_givesemaphore();
}
#endif
/* Perform any processor-specific idle state operations */
up_idle();
}
}
int os_bringup(void)
{
int taskid;
/* Setup up the initial environment for the idle task. At present, this
* may consist of only the initial PATH variable. The PATH variable is
* (probably) not used by the IDLE task. However, the environment
* containing the PATH variable will be inherited by all of the threads
* created by the IDLE task.
*/
#if !defined(CONFIG_DISABLE_ENVIRON) && defined(CONFIG_PATH_INITIAL)
(void)setenv("PATH", CONFIG_PATH_INITIAL, 1);
#endif
/* Start the page fill worker kernel thread that will resolve page faults.
* This should always be the first thread started because it may have to
* resolve page faults in other threads
*/
#ifdef CONFIG_PAGING
svdbg("Starting paging thread\n");
g_pgworker = KERNEL_THREAD("pgfill", CONFIG_PAGING_DEFPRIO,
CONFIG_PAGING_STACKSIZE,
(main_t)pg_worker, (FAR char * const *)NULL);
DEBUGASSERT(g_pgworker > 0);
#endif
/* Start the worker thread that will serve as the device driver "bottom-
* half" and will perform misc garbage clean-up.
*/
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_WORKQUEUE
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_HPWORK
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_LPWORK
svdbg("Starting high-priority kernel worker thread\n");
#else
svdbg("Starting kernel worker thread\n");
#endif
g_work[HPWORK].pid = KERNEL_THREAD(HPWORKNAME, CONFIG_SCHED_WORKPRIORITY,
CONFIG_SCHED_WORKSTACKSIZE,
(main_t)work_hpthread, (FAR char * const *)NULL);
DEBUGASSERT(g_work[HPWORK].pid > 0);
/* Start a lower priority worker thread for other, non-critical continuation
* tasks
*/
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_LPWORK
svdbg("Starting low-priority kernel worker thread\n");
g_work[LPWORK].pid = KERNEL_THREAD(LPWORKNAME, CONFIG_SCHED_LPWORKPRIORITY,
CONFIG_SCHED_LPWORKSTACKSIZE,
(main_t)work_lpthread, (FAR char * const *)NULL);
DEBUGASSERT(g_work[LPWORK].pid > 0);
#endif /* CONFIG_SCHED_LPWORK */
#endif /* CONFIG_SCHED_HPWORK */
#if defined(CONFIG_NUTTX_KERNEL) && defined(CONFIG_SCHED_USRWORK)
/* Start the user-space work queue */
DEBUGASSERT(USERSPACE->work_usrstart != NULL);
taskid = USERSPACE->work_usrstart();
DEBUGASSERT(taskid > 0);
#endif
#endif /* CONFIG_SCHED_WORKQUEUE */
/* Once the operating system has been initialized, the system must be
* started by spawning the user init thread of execution. This is the
* first user-mode thead.
*/
svdbg("Starting init thread\n");
/* Perform any last-minute, board-specific initialization, if so
* configured.
*/
#ifdef CONFIG_BOARD_INITIALIZE
board_initialize();
#endif
/* Start the default application. In a flat build, this is entrypoint
* is given by the definitions, CONFIG_USER_ENTRYPOINT. In the kernel
* build, however, we must get the address of the entrypoint from the
* header at the beginning of the user-space blob.
*/
#ifdef CONFIG_NUTTX_KERNEL
DEBUGASSERT(USERSPACE->us_entrypoint != NULL);
taskid = TASK_CREATE("init", SCHED_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
CONFIG_USERMAIN_STACKSIZE, USERSPACE->us_entrypoint,
(FAR char * const *)NULL);
#else
taskid = TASK_CREATE("init", SCHED_PRIORITY_DEFAULT,
CONFIG_USERMAIN_STACKSIZE,
(main_t)CONFIG_USER_ENTRYPOINT,
(FAR char * const *)NULL);
#endif
ASSERT(taskid > 0);
/* We an save a few bytes by discarding the IDLE thread's environment. */
#if !defined(CONFIG_DISABLE_ENVIRON) && defined(CONFIG_PATH_INITIAL)
(void)clearenv();
#endif
return OK;
}
CONFIG_USER_ENTRYPOINT="nsh_main"
int nsh_main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int exitval = 0;
int ret;
/* Call all C++ static constructors */
#if defined(CONFIG_HAVE_CXX) && defined(CONFIG_HAVE_CXXINITIALIZE)
up_cxxinitialize();
#endif
/* Make sure that we are using our symbol take */
#if defined(CONFIG_LIBC_EXECFUNCS) && defined(CONFIG_EXECFUNCS_SYMTAB)
exec_setsymtab(CONFIG_EXECFUNCS_SYMTAB, 0);
#endif
/* Register the BINFS file system */
#if defined(CONFIG_FS_BINFS) && (CONFIG_BUILTIN)
ret = builtin_initialize();
if (ret < 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: builtin_initialize failed: %d\n", ret);
exitval = 1;
}
#endif
/* Initialize the NSH library */
nsh_initialize();
/* If the Telnet console is selected as a front-end, then start the
* Telnet daemon.
*/
#ifdef CONFIG_NSH_TELNET
ret = nsh_telnetstart();
if (ret < 0)
{
/* The daemon is NOT running. Report the the error then fail...
* either with the serial console up or just exiting.
*/
fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Failed to start TELNET daemon: %d\n", ret);
exitval = 1;
}
#endif
/* If the serial console front end is selected, then run it on this thread */
#ifdef CONFIG_NSH_CONSOLE
ret = nsh_consolemain(0, NULL);
/* nsh_consolemain() should not return. So if we get here, something
* is wrong.
*/
fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: nsh_consolemain() returned: %d\n", ret);
exitval = 1;
#endif
return exitval;
}这里就相当于Linux中启动了shell，然后去执行初始化脚本。
int nsh_consolemain(int argc, char *argv[])
{
FAR struct console_stdio_s *pstate = nsh_newconsole();
int ret;
DEBUGASSERT(pstate);
/* Execute the start-up script */
#ifdef CONFIG_NSH_ROMFSETC
(void)nsh_initscript(&pstate->cn_vtbl);
#endif
/* Initialize any USB tracing options that were requested */
#ifdef CONFIG_NSH_USBDEV_TRACE
usbtrace_enable(TRACE_BITSET);
#endif
/* Execute the session */
ret = nsh_session(pstate);
/* Exit upon return */
nsh_exit(&pstate->cn_vtbl, ret);
return ret;
}在这里实际上nsh_initscript和nsh_session都会去执行命令，但nsh_session从代码上看更像是Linux的命令行参数解析， nsh_initscript回去执行/etc/init.d/rcS脚本。
int nsh_initscript(FAR struct nsh_vtbl_s *vtbl)
{
static bool initialized;
bool already;
int ret = OK;
/* Atomic test and set of the initialized flag */
sched_lock();
already = initialized;
initialized = true;
sched_unlock();
/* If we have not already executed the init script, then do so now */
if (!already)
{
ret = nsh_script(vtbl, "init", NSH_INITPATH);
}
return ret;
}这里我们需要对NSH_INITPATH进行展开
# ifndef CONFIG_NSH_ROMFSMOUNTPT
# define CONFIG_NSH_ROMFSMOUNTPT "/etc"
# endif
# ifndef CONFIG_NSH_INITSCRIPT
# define CONFIG_NSH_INITSCRIPT "init.d/rcS"
# endif
# undef NSH_INITPATH
# define NSH_INITPATH CONFIG_NSH_ROMFSMOUNTPT "/" CONFIG_NSH_INITSCRIPT所以到了这里我们需要把目光转向启动脚本。后面我们所需要的很多东西，包括PX4飞控主线程都是在脚本中意命令的方式启动的。所以说如果抛开脚本，单纯看源码是看不出PX4飞控主线程是如何启动的，因为这些个东西根本就不在源码中。
1.2 命令
说到脚本，我们当然知道脚本中最多的是命令。在Nuttx中命令跟Linux还是有很大的区别的。
看到这里，可能有的人会想Nuttx到底跟Linux有什么关系。其实Nuttx只是跟Linux某些地方相似而已。而我多次提到Linux只是在分析Nuttx的时候以Linux为坐标，仅此而已。有了坐标，我就不至于完全迷失了方向。
通过前面的分析，我们很容易想到接下来的代码分析将从nsh_script开始。
int nsh_script(FAR struct nsh_vtbl_s *vtbl, FAR const char *cmd,
FAR const char *path)
{
char *fullpath;
FILE *stream;
char *buffer;
char *pret;
int ret = ERROR;
/* The path to the script may be relative to the current working directory */
fullpath = nsh_getfullpath(vtbl, path);
if (!fullpath)
{
return ERROR;
}
/* Get a reference to the common input buffer */
buffer = nsh_linebuffer(vtbl);
if (buffer)
{
/* Open the file containing the script */
stream = fopen(fullpath, "r");
if (!stream)
{
nsh_output(vtbl, g_fmtcmdfailed, cmd, "fopen", NSH_ERRNO);
nsh_freefullpath(fullpath);
return ERROR;
}
/*Loop, processing each command line in the script file (or
* until an error occurs)
*/
do
{
/* Get the next line of input from the file */
fflush(stdout);
pret = fgets(buffer, CONFIG_NSH_LINELEN, stream);
if (pret)
{
/* Parse process the command. NOTE: this is recursive...
* we got to cmd_sh via a call to nsh_parse. So some
* considerable amount of stack may be used.
*/
ret = nsh_parse(vtbl, buffer);
}
}
while (pret && ret == OK);
fclose(stream);
}
nsh_freefullpath(fullpath);
return ret;
}
这段代码并不难理解，就是打开了我们的脚本文件，然后逐行读取并解析执行。那显然nsh_parse就是解析这些脚本的关键。
int nsh_parse1(FAR struct nsh_vtbl_s *vtbl, char *cmdline)
{
/* Does this command correspond to a builtin command?
* nsh_builtin() returns:
*
* -1 (ERROR) if the application task corresponding to 'argv[0]' could not
* be started (possibly because it doesn not exist).
* 0 (OK) if the application task corresponding to 'argv[0]' was
* and successfully started. If CONFIG_SCHED_WAITPID is
* defined, this return value also indicates that the
* application returned successful status (EXIT_SUCCESS)
* 1 If CONFIG_SCHED_WAITPID is defined, then this return value
* indicates that the application task was spawned successfully
* but returned failure exit status.
*
* Note the priority if not effected by nice-ness.
*/
#if defined(CONFIG_NSH_BUILTIN_APPS) && (!defined(CONFIG_NSH_FILE_APPS) || !defined(CONFIG_FS_BINFS))
ret = nsh_builtin(vtbl, argv[0], argv, redirfile, oflags);
#endif
{
/* Then execute the command in "foreground" -- i.e., while the user waits
* for the next prompt. nsh_execute will return:
*
* -1 (ERRROR) if the command was unsuccessful
* 0 (OK) if the command was successful
*/
ret = nsh_execute(vtbl, argc, argv);
}
return nsh_saveresult(vtbl, true);
}需要说明的是这个函数是删减过的，就是说只留下了我最想要看到的部分。nsh_builtin和nsh_execute分别对应两个数组：g_builtins和g_cmdmap。什么区别呢？在我看来这两组命令是可以合并到一起的，但如果真的这样做了会有一个问题，用户扩展不方便。于是对其进行区分。像ls这样的命令不需要用户实现及处理，就作为系统命令在g_cmdmap数组中，而作为用户的应用程序如ArduPilot完全有用户决定，便作为用户命令在g_builtins数组中。对于系统命令我们常用的基本都已经实现，通过特定的宏进行选择编译。而用户命令我们只需按照相应规则编写一个入口函数然并设定堆栈大小然后放到g_builtins数组中即可。
Nuttx本身提供了一个g_builtins数组，但PX4没有使用。PX4使用了一些技巧，利用Makefile在编译的时候自动生成g_builtins数组。这样做好处是我们修改源码的时候可以不关心这个数组，但坏处也显而易见：增加了我们刚接触是阅读源码的壁垒。
那么关于命令部分我们先讲解到这里。下面我们将稍微看下脚本。
1.3 启动脚本
前面我们说过Nuttx的启动脚本是/etc/init.d/rcS，跟Linux是一样的。这样做也有一个好处，就是如果你对Linux比较熟悉即便你完全不看源码只要看下根文件系统你就能够找到启动脚本并进行分析。
启动脚本并不少，我们不逐条分析。
set MODE autostart
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