向量的表示
a ⃗ = O A ⟶ = x i ⃗ + y j ⃗ \vec{a}=\stackrel{\longrightarrow}{OA}=x\,\vec{i}+y\,\vec{j} a=OA⟶=xi+yj
向量基本定理
e
1
⃗
\vec{e_1}\,
e1和
e
2
⃗
\,\vec{e_2}\,
e2为平面上两个不平行的向量,对于该平面上任意向量
a
⃗
\,\vec{a}
a,仅存在唯一的一对
λ
\,\lambda\,
λ和
μ
\,\mu\,
μ使得:
a
⃗
=
λ
e
1
⃗
+
μ
e
2
⃗
\vec{a}=\lambda\,\vec{e_1}+\mu\,\vec{e_2}
a=λe1+μe2
向量的坐标表示
坐标分解
a ⃗ = ( x , y ) \vec{a}=(x, y) a=(x,y)
线性运算的坐标表示
(
x
1
,
y
1
)
±
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y
2
)
=
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±
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2
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λ
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,
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=
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\begin{aligned} (x_1, y_1)\pm(x_2, y_2)&=(x_1\pm x_2, y_1\pm y_2)\\ \lambda\,(x, y)&=(\lambda x, \lambda y) \end{aligned}
(x1,y1)±(x2,y2)λ(x,y)=(x1±x2,y1±y2)=(λx,λy)
∣
a
⃗
∣
=
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x
,
y
)
∣
=
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+
y
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\big|\vec{a}\big|=\big|(x, y)\big|=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}
∣∣a∣∣=∣∣(x,y)∣∣=x2+y2
a
⃗
⋅
b
⃗
=
x
1
x
2
+
y
1
y
2
\vec{a}\cdot\vec{b}=x_1x_2+y_1y_2
a⋅b=x1x2+y1y2
cos
<
a
⃗
,
b
⃗
>
=
a
⃗
⋅
b
⃗
∣
a
⃗
∣
∣
b
⃗
∣
=
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x
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+
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⋅
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+
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\cos\left<\vec{a}, \vec{b}\right>=\frac{\vec{a}\cdot\vec{b}}{\big|\vec{a}\big|\big|\vec{b}\big|} =\frac{x_1x_2+y_1y_2}{\sqrt{x_1^2+y_1^2}\cdot\sqrt{x_2^2+y_2^2}}
cos⟨a,b⟩=∣∣a∣∣∣∣b∣∣a⋅b=x12+y12⋅x22+y22x1x2+y1y2
向量位置关系
a ⃗ = ( x a , y a ) b ⃗ = ( x b , y b ) a ⃗ / / b ⃗ ⇔ x a y b = x b y a a ⃗ ⊥ b ⃗ ⇔ x a x b + y b y a = 0 \begin{aligned} \vec{a} &= (x_a, y_a)\\ \vec{b} &= (x_b, y_b)\\ \vec{a} \, /\!/ \, \vec{b} \quad&\Leftrightarrow\quad x_a\,y_b=x_b\,y_a\\ \vec{a} \, \bot \, \vec{b} \quad&\Leftrightarrow\quad x_a\,x_b + y_b\,y_a = 0 \end{aligned} aba//ba⊥b=(xa,ya)=(xb,yb)⇔xayb=xbya⇔xaxb+ybya=0
向量的应用
定比分点公式
P
P\,
P为直线
P
1
P
2
\,P_1P_2\,
P1P2上一点,且
P
1
P
⟶
=
λ
P
P
2
⟶
\,\stackrel{\longrightarrow}{P_1P}=\lambda\stackrel{\longrightarrow}{PP_2}\,
P1P⟶=λPP2⟶,
P
P\,
P点坐标
(
x
,
y
)
\,(x,y)
(x,y):
{
x
−
x
1
=
λ
(
x
2
−
x
)
y
−
y
1
=
λ
(
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⇒
{
x
=
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x
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=
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y
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\left\{ \begin{aligned} x-x_1 &= \lambda\,(x_2-x)\\\\ y-y_1 &= \lambda\,(y_2-y) \end{aligned} \right. \quad\Rightarrow\quad \left\{ \begin{aligned} x &= \displaystyle\frac{x_1+\lambda\,x_2}{1+\lambda}\\ y &= \displaystyle\frac{y_1+\lambda\,y_2}{1+\lambda} \end{aligned} \right.
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x−x1y−y1=λ(x2−x)=λ(y2−y)⇒⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧xy=1+λx1+λx2=1+λy1+λy2
特殊地,当
P
\,P\,
P为
P
1
P
2
\,P_1P_2\,
P1P2中点时,其坐标为:
{
x
=
x
1
+
x
2
2
y
=
y
1
+
y
2
2
\left\{ \begin{aligned} x &= \displaystyle\frac{x_1+x_2}{2}\\ y &= \displaystyle\frac{y_1+y_2}{2} \end{aligned} \right.
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧xy=2x1+x2=2y1+y2
推广
在
△
A
B
C
\,\triangle ABC\,
△ABC中,重心
G
\,G\,
G坐标为:
{
x
=
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+
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2
+
x
3
3
y
=
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+
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\left\{ \begin{aligned} x &= \displaystyle\frac{x_1+x_2+x_3}{3}\\ y &= \displaystyle\frac{y_1+y_2+y_3}{3} \end{aligned} \right.
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧xy=3x1+x2+x3=3y1+y2+y3
在
△
A
B
C
\,\triangle ABC\,
△ABC中,设
C
A
⟶
=
a
⃗
=
(
x
1
,
y
1
)
\,\stackrel{\longrightarrow}{CA}=\vec{a}=(x_1, y_1)
CA⟶=a=(x1,y1),
C
B
⟶
=
b
⃗
=
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x
2
,
y
2
)
\,\stackrel{\longrightarrow}{CB}=\vec{b}=(x_2, y_2)
CB⟶=b=(x2,y2),
△
A
B
C
\triangle ABC\,
△ABC面积为
S
\,S
S,则:
S
=
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⃗
∣
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⃗
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2
−
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a
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⋅
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y
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∣
\begin{aligned} S&=\sqrt{\big|\vec{a}\big|^2\big|\vec{b}\big|^2-(\vec{a}\cdot\vec{b})^2}\\ S&=\frac12\big|x_1y_2-x_2y_1\big| \end{aligned}
SS=∣∣a∣∣2∣∣b∣∣2−(a⋅b)2=21∣∣x1y2−x2y1∣∣
在
▱
A
B
C
D
\,▱ABCD\,
▱ABCD中,对角线的平方和等于各边平方和,即:
A
C
2
+
B
D
2
=
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B
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+
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+
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+
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A
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2
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+
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C
2
\begin{aligned} AC^2+BD^2&=AB^2+BC^2+CD^2+DA^2\\ &=2AB^2+2BC^2 \end{aligned}
AC2+BD2=AB2+BC2+CD2+DA2=2AB2+2BC2